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Psychology EXAM III
Exam III
92
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/11/2010

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Term
Motivation
Definition
A group of factors that drive and direct behaviors.
Term
drive reduction explanation
Definition
the notion that we are motivated to satisfy drives and thereby reduce tension.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
a relatively stable state or level, often an equilibrium between two extremes.
Term
Homeostatic explanation
Definition
the notion that we are motivated to behave in ways that will maintain an optimal level of arousal
Term
Incentive explanation
Definition
The notion that we are motivated by a desire to achieve pleasure or attain goals.
Term
Abraham Maslow
Definition
A psychologist who suggested that motives (needs) could be organized in hierarchy.
Term
Hierarchy of needs
Definition
A way of organizing needs (motives) from physiological, which must be satisfied first, through self-fulfillment, which can be satisfied when other needs are met.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The process by which the cells in the body produce and use energy
Term
Glucose
Definition
the source of energy that cells use in metabolism.
Term
Calorie
Definition
A measure of energy; specifically, the amount of energy required to increase one gram of water by one degree centigrade.
Term
Fat cells
Definition
cells that are used to cell glucose
Term
Leptin
Definition
a substance that is released when fat cells are full and which signals the brain to reduce appetite. leptin means thin
Term
Set Point
Definition
the notion that there is a genetically determined size of the fat cells which determines appetite and weight
Term
Obesity
Definition
a body mass index score of 30 or above, but this is only a rough index.
Term
Phentermine
Definition
An anti-obesity drug that works primarily because it stimulates metabolism.
Term
Seratonin
Definition
a neurotransmitter, low levels of which can cause appetite.
Term
Fenfluramine
Definition
An anti-obesity drug that works primarily because it increases levels of serotonin
Term
Satiety
Definition
The feeling of being full or satisfied after eating which leads individuals to stop eating. Satiety comes from a latin word meaning ENOUGH
Term
Phen-fen
Definition
A slang term for the combination of the anti-obesity drugs phentermine and fenfluramine.
Term
Anorexia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder in which the major symptom is a refusal to maintain body weight at an appropriate level so it drops to at least 15% below the normal weight for the individual
Term
Bulimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder in which the major symptoms are binges in which the individual consumes huge amounts of food in a short period and purges or uses laxatives to get rid of what was just eaten.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
a structure in the brain that is stimulated by sex-related stimuli and which then secretes the releasing hormone which begins a sexual response.
Term
Releasing hormone (LHRH)
Definition
a hormone that is secreted by the hypothalamus when it receives sex-related stimulation. The hormone then stimulates the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins.
Term
Pituitary gland
Definition
A gland in the brain (just in front of the hypothalamus) which when stimulated by the releasing hormone secretes gonadotopins
Term
Gonadotropins
Definition
Substances released by the pituitary gland which then stimulate the gonads to release their hormones and result in the sexual response. (Gonad refers to reproductive organs such as the testes and ovaries, and tropin means to influence, so gonadotropins influence the gonads.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
The male hormone that is released by the testes
Term
Progesterone
Definition
The female hormone that is released primarily by the ovaries.
Term
Clitoris
Definition
analogous to a male penis
Term
Feedback loop (between gonads and Hypothalamus)
Definition
The Sex Hormones also turn off the sex response in the Hypothalamus.
Term
Sexual dysfunction
Definition
sexual disorders that involve the absence or failure of the sexual response
Term
Desire Disorder
Definition
involves a lack of desire for sexual activity, usually due to low levels of the hormones that are responsible for sex
Term
Arousal Disorder
Definition
a sexual disorder in which the individual is unable to achieve or maintain an adequate level of sexual arousal
Term
Orgasm disorder
Definition
a sexual dysfunction where the individual does not achieve orgasm (female) or reaches orgasm too soon (male)
Term
Paraphilias
Definition
sexual disorders that involve deviant means of achieving sexual arousal.
Term
Aversion therapy
Definition
a treatment for paraphilias in which a deviant sexual response is replaced with an aversive response
Term
Depo-Provera
Definition
a drug used to treat paraphilias by inhibiting the release of the hormones that lead to arousal
Term
sexual predator laws
Definition
laws that allow a person to be inprisoned indefinitely if it is determined that they might commit another crime.
Term
Gender identity disorder
Definition
a sexual disorder in which the individual feels more like a member of the opposite sex and therefore feels uncomfortable in their own body.
Term
Process of sexual arousal
Definition
a) hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland, b) pituitary secretes gonadotropins that stimulate gonads, c) release of sex hormones by sex organs, d) those hormones provide the physical symptoms of arousal
Term
The need for achievement
Definition
the need to overcome obstacles, master things, and do well.
Term
Fear of failure
Definition
the alternative to "need for achievement"
Term
resultant achievement motivation
Definition
the sum of achievement motivation and fear of failure
Term
Fear of success
Definition
the notion that some individuals are determined to avoid success to avoid the negative parts, such as loss of friends
Term
Amygdala
Definition
processes emotions, mostly fear, rage, and agression
Term
Prefrontal cortex
Definition
thin layer of neurons covering the frontal lobes, important for the integration of emotions and behaviors
Term
Sympathetic branch (of the autonomous nervous system)
Definition
responsible for generating arousal
Term
guilty knowledge test
Definition
a lie detection procedure in which individuals are asked multiple choice questions to which only guilty persons would know the answers
Term
Empathy
Definition
the ability to be aware of and experience the emotions of another individual
Term
Intimacy
Definition
the component of love that involves emotional closeness
Term
passion
Definition
the component of love that involves romantic and sexual arousal
Term
decision/commitment
Definition
a component of love that involves the decision to enter and keep a relationship
Term
Mislabeling
Definition
A mistake in labeling physiological arousal. an explanation for passion
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
the pairing of a neutral stimulus with sexual arousal so that later the stimulus will elicit sexual arousal
Term
generalization
Definition
an explanation for love at first sight (as in you see a brunette girl, your last girlfriend was brunette, so you become aroused)
Term
Denial (redefinition)
Definition
a defense mechanism in which the individual redefines the stressor to make it less stressful
Term
Displacement
Definition
a defense mechanism in which the individual expresses an emotion toward an individual or object other than individual or object that caused the stress or anger.
Term
suppression (distraction)
Definition
a defense mechanism in which the individual intentionally does not think about a stressor
Term
repression
Definition
a defense mechanism in which the individual sends the memory of a stressor to the unconscious undeliberately
Term
Biofeedback training
Definition
a procedure in which individuals are given immediate feedback about changes in a physiological response such as muscle tension so they can learn to control the response
Term
Cortisol
Definition
a hormone released during stress that increases blood sugar (energy) but decreases activity in the hippocampus, disrupting learning
Term
Type a behavior
Definition
a behavior pattern characterized by competitiveness. time urgency, and hostility
Term
Systolic/diastolic blood pressures
Definition
the level of pressure that occurs after each heart beat/before each heart beat. 120/80 is normal
Term
baroreceptors
Definition
sensors in the arteries that monitor blood pressure that reset if BP is consistently high, leading to chronic hypertension
Term
baroreceptors
Definition
sensors in the arteries that monitor blood pressure that reset if BP is consistently high, leading to chronic hypertension
Term
baroreceptors
Definition
sensors in the arteries that monitor blood pressure that reset if BP is consistently high, leading to chronic hypertension
Term
anaerobic exercise
Definition
exercise that is brief, such as lifting a very heavy weight
Term
Crystallized intelligence
Definition
Facts. knowledge. the longer you live the more you acquire.
Term
Fluid intelligence
Definition
your ability to solve problems. it increases until your mid 20's where it levels off
Term
Social intelligence
Definition
the ability to understand people
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
the ability to understand yourself
Term
Intelligence (influence)
Definition
environmental factors influence intelligence (kids have more in common with adoptive parents rather than biological when it comes to intelligence)
Term
Speed of neural processing
Definition
is a measure of general intelligence
Term
Strategic eating disorder
Definition
One binges and purges to fit into a dress for an event, but after the event eating habits return to normal
Term
PKU (Phenylketonuria)
Definition
A disease from birth where the child cannot process an amino acid, resulting in a buildup of a few different acids in the body. if left untreated (no diet) mental retardation is guaranteed. life long diet is the best treatment
Term
Seratonin levels in Eating disorders
Definition
typically people with these disorders have low levels of serotonin and they need to take anti-depressants to bring the levels up. (obesity is also hooked to low levels of serotonin)
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
the tendency to use personality factors rather than situational factors to explain the behaviors of others
Term
Actor-observer effect
Definition
the tendency to use situational factors to explain your behavior and use personality factors to explain the behavior of others. (fundamental attribution error, PLUS a description of how we perceive ourselves)
Term
The self-serving bias
Definition
the tendency to use situational factors to explain your poor behavior as a means of protecting your self esteem. this can override usual explanations for others that would normally be based on personality, for example you hate bob. bob does kick ass on a test. you attribute bob's doing well to the fact that the test was easy rather than attributing it to his intelligence.
Term
Modesty bias
Definition
in other cultures, people may attribute their own success to environmental factors such as luck because it is what is expected
Term
Schema
Definition
stereotype of a person or culture
Term
self fulfilling prophesy
Definition
the fact that an individual's expectations about someone might influence how that individual behaves towards that person, in turn influencing how that person behaves back.
Term
Lateral Hypothalamus
Definition
increases hunger and eating
Term
ventromedial hypothalamus
Definition
Decreases hunger/eating
Term
Phonemes
Definition
basic sounds. after 6 mos you have all you'll ever have.
Term
morphemes
Definition
smallest units of meaning
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
where you put sounds together to make words, it's also where you hear sounds and put them together to hear words
Term
Broca's area
Definition
syntax and sentence formation
Term
Statins
Definition
drugs that lower cholesterol
Term
140/90
Definition
hypertension
Term
Bystander effect/diffusion of responsibility
Definition
lots of people around, people feel like one of the others will help so they do not help at all
Term
Aggression
Definition
is most often learned from observations, though it can also be learned if aggressive behaviors are rewarded.
Term
Aggression & Serotonin
Definition
serotonin inhibits aggression, so low levels allow for higher levels of aggression
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