Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder that involves walking and carrying on activities while asleep |
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Definition
| The daily cycle of sleep and wakefullness |
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Definition
| A disorder caused by amphetamines, the symptoms include hallucinations and delusions |
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Definition
| a drug that blocks the pleasure produced by heroin and eliminates withdrawal symptoms |
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Definition
| The awareness of what is going on around you |
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Definition
| When drug tolerances build up, one might build a tolerance to another drug related to the one already built up. |
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Definition
| Psychologists who focus on behaviors and the external factors that influence behaviors |
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Definition
| Drugs that reduce physiological arousal by reducing neurological activity in the brain |
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Definition
| a nonsense word used during meditation |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder in which the individual is seized by sleep randomly |
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Definition
| a cluster of neurons which inhibits the reticular activating system from carrying arousal to the cortex, causing sleep. |
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Definition
| the PGO system runs through the Pons, Geniculate, and finally to the occipital (and temporal) lobes, probably producing Rapid Eye Movements |
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Definition
| The condition in which an individual must take drugs to avoid withdrawal symptoms |
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Definition
| drugs that change mood, level of consciousness, and arousal |
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Definition
| a procedure that usually involves sitting quietly and possibly silently while repeating a mantra |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder where individuals do not get enough good sleep |
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Definition
| Drugs that dull or numb sensory experiences, usually because they reduce activity in the Medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of time it takes for half of a drug dose to leave the body |
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Definition
| A process that involves actively imagining going through behaviors that lead to success in some physical activity (such as imagining someone sinking a basket) |
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Term
| Activation-Synthesis Theory |
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Definition
| A theory suggesting that dreams result from the random stimulation of memories stored in the cortex, primarily in the temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that drugs are taken to adjust levels of arousal so individuals will be more comfortable and effective |
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Term
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Definition
| A Physician whose treatment of disease was based on suggestion |
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Term
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Definition
| an early term for hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which suggestions are used to change sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ease with which an individual can be hypnotized. |
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Definition
| The notion that hypnosis can be used to take individuals back to earlier times in their lives |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| A record of electrical activity in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The progress from Stage 1 sleep (light sleep) to Stage 4 sleep (deep sleep) and then back to Stage 1 sleep. 4-5 cycles occur each night |
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Definition
| Sleep where raped eye movements occur |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System |
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Definition
| Tracts that carry electrical stimulation between the brain stem and the cortex. |
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Definition
| drugs used to treat insomnia which work by reducing neurological arousal (note: anti-depressents can also be used to treat insomnia because they produce seratonin. |
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Definition
| The fact that when an individual stops taking a hypnotic drug, there may be a period in which the insomnia is worse than before the drug was taken. |
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Definition
| A sleep disorder which involves excessive sleepiness |
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Definition
| an individual's sleep is interrupted because breathing is interrupted. |
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Definition
| frequent awakening because of frightening dreams |
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Definition
| frequent awakening with a high state of fear that is NOT due to a frightening dream |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that different levels of a drug result in different effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that after many doses a given dose of a drug may have less effect than it did originally. |
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Definition
| The physiological symptoms that occur when an individual stops taking a drug |
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Definition
| drugs that increase physiological arousal by increasing neurological activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of narcotic derived from the opium poppy |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that are similar to nerurotransmitters so they stimulate activity in the brain and cause a distorted sensory experience |
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Term
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Definition
| an area in the middle of the limbic system which when activated produces pleasure |
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Definition
| problems that result from using drugs, such as missing class |
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Definition
| reduces the pleasure produced by psychoactive drugs such as alcohol and nicotine |
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Definition
| a drug that causes severe nausea if alcohol is consumed after the drug is taken |
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Term
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Definition
| produces pleasure by stimulating the release of dopamine in the pleasure center, therefore it can be used as a cigarette substitute |
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Term
| Transcendental meditation (TM) |
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Definition
| a popular form of meditation, the advocates of which believe results in a higher state of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that is appears to be controlled by environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
| tyoes of learning that appear to occur independent of environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
| conditioning in which a stimulus that does not elicit a response is consistently paired with a stimulus that can elicit a response such that later the stimulus can elicit the response |
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Term
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Definition
| A russian physiologist that used the dog experiment to originally study classical conditioning |
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Term
| uncoditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that is able to elicit a response (AKA meat powder in Pavlov's experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (AKA salivation in Pavlov's experiment) |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus which does not initially elicit a conditioned response but which after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus is able to elicit the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after conditioning has occurred. similar to the unconditioned response |
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Definition
| A psychologist who demonstrated with 'little albert' that fears could be learned through classic conditioning |
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Definition
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Definition
| irrational fears that are probably classically conditioned |
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Definition
| A disorder in which an individual gains sexual arousal from a nonhuman object |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus can elicit the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual learns which stimuli are associated with an unconditioned response and which stimuli are not |
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Term
| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus takes on the ability to elicit the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| eliminating a clasically conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that a clasically conditioned response that has ben extinguished will reoccur again when the conditioned stimulus is presented some time later |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychologist who identified the law of effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that a response that is followed by a reward is more likely to be repeated in the future. provides the basis for operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which rewards are used to increase behaviors and punishments are used to decrease behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychologist who systematically studied and made popular operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a small chamber that contains a lever that can be pushed or a disk that can be pecked to get a reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| an environment where when individuals behave well, they receive tokens that can later be exchanged for rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| psychologists who believe that in studying behavior we should limit our attention to observable events |
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Term
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Definition
| same as reward. given after a response to increase the liklihood that the response will be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| When it follows a response it increases the likelihood that a response will be used again. |
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Term
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Definition
| when it is removed (or ended) following a certain response it increases the likelihood for that response to be used again |
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Term
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Definition
| something that follows a response and decreases the likelihood that the response will be used again |
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Term
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Definition
| something that serves as a reinforcement because it reduces a primary need such as hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| something that serves as a reinforcement yet does not directly satisfy a primary need (EG money) |
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Term
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Definition
| the learning of an operant response to avoid receiving a punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| learning an operant response to escape a punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditioning a complex response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response |
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Term
| Generalization(of an operant conditioned response) |
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Definition
| The use of an operant response in situations similar to that in which the response was conditioned |
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Term
| Discrimination (of an operant response) |
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Definition
| learning in what situations a response should not be used since it will not receive a reward |
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Term
| Extinction (of operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| Reducing the use of an operantly conditioned response by not reinforcing it |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Differences in consistency with which reinforcements are given |
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Term
| Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| a reinforcement is given after a fixed # of responses (EG every 5 responses) |
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Term
| Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| a reinforcement is given after a specific amount of time has elapsed |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcements are given following different #s of responses (every 5, every 8, every 2) |
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Term
| Variable Interval schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcements are given following different intervals of time |
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Term
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Definition
| The finding of a solution to a problem by thinking about it and then putting the pieces together |
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Term
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Definition
| The learning of operant and emotional responses by simply watching others use the same responses |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of neurons in the brain which when they fire together result in a thought |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in learning |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which postsynaptic neurons become more sensitive and therefore more likely to respond to stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance released by a presynaptic neuron that leads to long term potentiation of the postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| The first stage of memory, the stage in which incoming information is encoded and screened. large capacity but short duration |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of interpreting or attaching meaning to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| focusing on what is important at the time |
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Term
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Definition
| The second stage of memory, thinking is done and information is processed for storage. small capacity and short duration |
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Term
| magic # of short term memory |
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Definition
| we can hold 7 items (give or take 2) in the short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of recoding a number of items as One |
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Term
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Definition
| When looking for an item in the short term memory, all items are examined simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| when looking for an item in the short term memory each item is considered seperately in order |
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Term
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Definition
| when storing a memory, it is linked to as many other memories as possible, enhancing later recall time. |
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Term
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Definition
| when storing a memory, it is NOT linked to as many other memories as possible, Delaying recall |
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Term
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Definition
| storing memories in terms of their meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| Storing memories in terms of their superficial characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Simply repeating an item over and over to be recalled later |
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Term
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Definition
| Building on a memory in the process of storage (a form of active & deep processing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Strategies that are used to improve memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the third stage, all memories are stored here. large capacity and long duration |
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Term
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Definition
| memories of facts/information |
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Term
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Definition
| memories for actions required to do things |
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Term
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Definition
| memories of which you are not aware but which can be brought back with clues |
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Term
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Definition
| memories for the meanings of words |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that memories are stored in networks and that stimulating a network will lead to a memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the activation of one memory leads to activation of other related memories (Stream of consciousness) |
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Term
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Definition
| activating a memory network increases the likelihood that it will be used again in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of recall in which info is attained without cues |
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Term
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Definition
| info retrieval is aided by clues |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of recall in which an individual recognizes information in an array of possibilities |
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Term
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Definition
| if you learn material in a given place, you will recall it easier if you are again in that place |
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Term
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Definition
| if you learn material in a certain physiological state, youll be able to recall it later in that same state |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an early psychologist who discovered that there is a sharp decline in memory in the first hour after learning |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting is the decay of memories over time |
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Term
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Definition
| something that could not be remembered at one time is remembered later |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that forgetting occurs because other experiences interfere with memories |
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Term
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Definition
| learning of new material can interfere with recall of earlier memories |
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Term
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Definition
| previously learned material can interfere with recall of recently learned material |
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Term
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Definition
| we are not able to recall material because it was originally not attended to enough and therefore not put into long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| mood influences what we recall |
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Term
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Definition
| a term for the way we have encoded or described something when putting into memory and which influences later recall |
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Term
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Definition
| to avoid stress, anxiety provoking memories are pushed into the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| we VOLUNTARILY stop thinking about something because it causes stress but we can recall it if we wish |
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Definition
| the psychologist who discovered the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| memories that were supposedly repressed but later brought to consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| crucial to storing long term memories |
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Term
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Definition
| crucial to storing emotional memories |
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Term
| Consolidation (of memory) |
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Definition
| The strengthening of the connections among neurons that form cell assemblies |
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Term
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Definition
| a shaking of the brain which results in a loss of memories |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief but intense firing of neurons that can result in a loss of memories |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
| shocking of the brain to reduce depression, sometimes resulting in memory loss |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of declarative memories from the period before the damage to the brain occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to form new declarative memories after damage to the brain has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| deterioration of the hippocampus and the amygdala due to a vitamin B deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to recall memories from before the age of 3 or 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| a progressive memory loss due to deterioration of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of neurons due to insufficient blood supply (a stroke) |
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