Retrograde amnesia –  loss of memory from point of injury/trauma backwards, loss of memory for past

Anterograde amnesia -  loss of memory from point of injury/trauma on, inability to form new LTMs

one of the most well known psychological studies

head injury as kid left him with seizure disorder

 Infantile amnesia –  the inability to retrive memories from much before age 3

thinking

manipulating and transforming information into memory

internal, picture-like representations (things or events)

help with organization - speed less sumbersome than verbal in many situations and mental maps - help find things

ideas that represent a gruop of similar objects, events, ideas, or peoplehelps with new data

simplify, speed up, guide problem solving

 formal - by definition 

natural - by prototype (typical example)

use to compare

speeds sorting into categories

step by step procedures that guarantee a solution (can be labor intensive)

speedier buT more error prone. educated guess based on past experience

 ability to combine ideas and behaviors in new ways - increase chance of success in certain situations

1. Mental Set - tend to approach problems from only one way (especially if worked in past) but... failure to see from new perspective can slow problem solving too

2. Functional Fixedness  - tendency to think of things only in terms of usual functions

judging how likely something is by how well it represents (matches) prototype (can help or hurt)

(can lead to ignore other relevant info - like base rates)

example: lottery, coin flip

Availability Heuristic 

the easier it is to think of an example, the more likely we are to think it will happen yet ease may be due to vividness or personal experiences - not reality

we are often more confident than we are correct

we overestimate accuracy of our beliefs / judgments

tendency to cling to initial conceptions even after basis they were formed on has been discredited

experts are more likey to not to be overconfident then newbies

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

sometimes acquired expertise becomes automatic habit

how an issue is pose can significally affec decisions and judgemnts

examples: burger content, surgery death rate, condom effectiveness, aid tot he needy vs welfare

reflects the ability to learn from experience, to acquire

knowledge, to use resources effectively in adapting to

new situations or solving problems, cannot me be

measured directly

General intelligence - g facor - ability to reason and solve problems aka: general intelligence

Specific intelligences - s factos - ability to excel in certain areas aka: specific intelligences (like music, art, business)

theories of mutliple intellifence

how gardner eight (nine) frames of mind

teachers can use to help kids discover and explore natural curiosities and talents

1. Analytic Intelligence: 

ability to break problems into parts to solve (traditional)

2. Creative Intelligence: 

combine ideas in new wayys to solve problems

3. Practical Intelligence: 

social skills and common sense

most tasks require a combo of all 3

fluid intelligence:

ability to problem solve, see relationships, reason abstractly (believe to be relativly free of cultural influence)

Crystallized: 

accumilated knowledge and verbal skills (school infro) (cultural influenced) increases throughout your lifetime.

yes

example: Sir Francis Galton assumed that skull size is related to intelligence, and he was able to measure skull size with great reliability. However, the measure of skull size was not valid—it had nothing to do with intelligence. In this case, then, we have reliability without validity