Term
|
Definition
| A subfield of psychology that emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness, overlaps with health psychology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Practices that have an impact and physical well-being, such as adopting a healthy approach to stress, excercising ect... |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Reasoned action |
|
Definition
| Effective change reuires individuals to have specific intentions about their behaviors, as well as positive attitudes about a new behavior, and to preceive that their social group looks favorable on he new behavior as well. |
|
|
Term
| Theory of planned behavior |
|
Definition
| Includes theory of reasoned action but adds person's perceptions of control over the outcome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Precontemplation
contemplation
preparation/determiniation
action/willpower
maintenance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ind. are not yet ready to think about changing and may not be aware they have a problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acknowledge they have a problem but not ready to change. |
|
|
Term
| Preparation/determination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commit to making a behavioral change and enact a plan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| successful in continuing their behavior change over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A return to former unhealthy patterns. |
|
|
Term
| Implementation intentions |
|
Definition
| specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information and feedback from others indicating that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and included in a network of communication and mutual obligation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals response to environmental stressors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the circumstances and events that threaten the person and tax his or her coping abilities. |
|
|
Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
| Selye's term for the common effects of stressful demands on the body, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits. In response body releases hormones that affect functioning of immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a number of glands manufacture hormones that try to protect the body in various ways, body can fight off infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When combat to stress fails and persists, person can collapse from exhaustion and can get sick easily. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a set of complex interactions and regulates various body processes and controls reactions to stressful events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a new field that explores connections among psychological factors (such as attitudes and emtotions), the nervous system and the immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The coping strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The coping strategy that involves responding to the stress that one is feeling, trying to manage one's emotional reaction, rather than focusing on the problem itself.(denial) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A personal quality characterized by a sense of commitment rather than alienation, and of control rather than powerlessness, a hardy person sees problems as challenges rather than threats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pattern of enduring distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way and individual adapts to the world. |
|
|
Term
| Psychodynamic perspectives |
|
Definition
| theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the person that Freud called "it" consisting of unconscious drives, the individuals reservoir of sexual energy. Always seeking pleasure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deals with the demands of reality, tries to bring pleasure to the norms of society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal judge of behavior. Our conscience. Morality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness, back into the unconscious mind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems and faults to others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (first 18 months) The infants pleasure centers on the mouth. Chewing, sucking and biting are the chief sources of pleasure that reduce tension in an infant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (18 to 36 months) Greatest pleasure during time of toliet training is anus or urethra and their functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (3 to 6 years) Pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that self-stimulation is enjoyable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (6 years to puberty): Not a developmental stage really. Child sets aside all interest in sexuality, psychosexual development occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (adolescence and adulthood)Sexual pleasure shifts to someone outside the family. Inolves reliving unconscious conflicts of childhood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an individual becomes stuck in one of these stages and it shows this in their personality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jung's term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people. |
|
|
Term
| Anima and Animus and persona |
|
Definition
| Anima: Passive feminine side (archetype) and Animus: Assertive masculine side (archetype).Persona- public mask we wear during social interactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adler's view that people are motivated by puposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theoretical views stressing a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the motivation to develop ones full potential as a human being. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
|
Definition
| Roger's construct referring to the individuals need to be accepted, valued, and reated positively regardless of his or her behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of brad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses. |
|
|
Term
| The big five factors of personality |
|
Definition
| the five brad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality, neuroticism (emotional instability), extraversion, openess to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. |
|
|
Term
| Personological and life story perspecitves |
|
Definition
| theoretical views stressing that the way to inderstand the person is to focus on his or her life history and life story. |
|
|
Term
| Social Cognitive Perspectives |
|
Definition
| Theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way behavior, enviornment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality |
|
|
Term
| Internal Locus of Control |
|
Definition
| When we feel like we are in control |
|
|
Term
| External Locus of Control |
|
Definition
| When we feel that outside forces have more control (luck). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that personality and behavior often vary considerably from one context to another. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive affective processing systems |
|
Definition
| mischels theoretical model for describing that our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral approach system |
|
Definition
| sensitive to rewards in the enviornment, predisposes one to feelings of positive emotion,and underlies the trait of extraversion. |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Inhibition system |
|
Definition
| sensitive to punishments, and in involved to avoidance learning,it predisposes the feelings of fear and underlies the trait of neurotisicm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personality assesment test that presents individuals with a stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it to project their own meaning onto the stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a projective test that is designed to elict stories that reveal something about and individuals personality. |
|
|
Term
| 6 psychological approaches |
|
Definition
| Psychodynamic, humanistic, trait, personlogical and life story, social cognitive, biological |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile, related to the incidence of heart disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being relaxed and easy going, related to good health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a persons assessment of his or her own level of positive affect realative to negative affect, and the individuals evaluation of his or her life in general. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a realatively long period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all diagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personality disorders and mental retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General medical conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychosocial and envionmental problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Current level of functioning. |
|
|
Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anxiety disoder, in which ind. experiences recurrent, sudden onsets on intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and no specific cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anxiety disorder, characterized by an irrational overwhelming persistent fear of a particular object or situation. |
|
|
Term
| Obesessive-compulsive disorder |
|
Definition
| Anxiety disorder, in which the individual has anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away and.or urges to preform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation. |
|
|
Term
| Post traumatic stress disorder |
|
Definition
| anxiety disorder, that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that has overwhelmed the person's ability to cope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological disorders, the main types of which are depressive disorders and bipolar disorder, in which there is a primary disturbance of mood; prolonged emotion that colors the individuals entire emotional state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life. |
|
|
Term
| Major depressive disorder |
|
Definition
| Psychological disorderinvolving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics such as lethargy and hoplessness for at least two weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mood disorder that is generaly more chornic and has fewer symptoms than MDD; the individual is in a depressed mood for most days for at least two years as an adult or at least one year as a child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation of the individuals conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and sometimes assumes a new identity. |
|
|
Term
| Dissociative identity disorder |
|
Definition
| Formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or identities, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sever psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes, referred to as psychotic because they are so removed from reality.High dopamine production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individuals culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the display of little or no emotion a common negative symptom of schizophrenia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| view of schizophrenia emphasizing that a combination of biogenetic disposition and stress causes the disorder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thorughly integrated into an individual's personality. |
|
|
Term
| Antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
| a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit. |
|
|
Term
| Borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
| psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called biomedical therapies, treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly known as tranquilizers that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Widely used to treat bipolar disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals with a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia. |
|
|
Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy |
|
Definition
| also called shock therapy, a treatment commonly used for depression that sets off seizures in the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure for treatment- resistant depression that involves the implantation of electrodes in the brain that emit signals to alter the brains electrical circuitry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individuals adjustment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of and individuals problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing and individuals unconscious thoughts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A psychoanalytic technique that involves encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever come to mind no matter how trivial or embarassing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychoanalysts search for symbolic, hidden meanings in what the clients says and does during therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychoanalytic technique for interpreting person's dreams. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a client's relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individuals life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clients unconscious defense strategies that interfere with the psychoanalysts understanding of the individuals problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatments unique in their emphasis on peoples self healing capacities that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of humanistic therapy developed by Roger's in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatments based on the behavioral and socical cognitive theories of learning that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Systematic desensitization |
|
Definition
| a method of behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety producing situations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatments that point to cognitions as the main source of psychological problems and that attempt to change the individuals feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions. |
|
|
Term
| Rational- Emotive therapy |
|
Definition
| a therapy based on Ellis's assertion that individuals develop a psychological disorder because of irrational and seld- defeating beliefs and whose goal is to get clients to eliminate these beliefs by rationally examining them. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive-behavior therapy |
|
Definition
| a therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy with the goal of developing self- efficacy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of techniques from differrent therapies based on the therapists judgement of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by mental health professional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relationship between the therapist and client and important element of successful psychotherapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a short term problem focused directive therapy that encourages clients to accentuate the positive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psysiological needs, safety needs, belonginess and love needs, esteem needs, self- actualization. |
|
|
