Term
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Definition
Memory that is conciously recalled or declared
Example: Responding to a Q
(there are subtypes) |
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Term
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Definition
memory tied to your own personal experiences
Example: when is your birthday?
Why? you can declare this |
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Term
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Definition
Memory NOT tied to personal events but general facts about the world
Example: how many tires are on a car?
Why? You can declare |
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Term
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Definition
influences your thoughts or behaviors, but does not enter conciusness....NON-declaritive memory
(Three subtypes) |
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Term
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Definition
memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills and habitual responses
Example: Riding a bike
Why? Dont have to consciously remember |
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Term
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Definition
activation of one or more existing memories by a stimulus, non-conciously
Example: The rabbit..hare demonstration
(two types) |
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Term
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Definition
when priming stimulus influences your flow of thoughts..
involves concepts of memories in semantic memory |
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Term
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Definition
when a priming stimulus enhances ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical features
Why? You don't need to consciously recall |
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Term
| Evidence for seperate implicit/explicit systems? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Life threating seizures, removed parts of temporal lobe. It stopped seizures, can remember explicit memorie 3 yrs prior to surgery..difficulty forming NEW explicit. |
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Term
Temporal lobe includes..
Temporal lobe damage.. |
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Definition
hippoicampus and amygdala...
explicit memories have impaired performances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Poor encoding, decay theories, interfereces theories, retrieval-cue, theories. |
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Term
| Hierarchical orginization |
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Definition
| Related items clusterd together to form categories |
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Term
| Spreading activation model |
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Definition
| shorter path between two concepts=stronger association in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a clue, prompt or hint that can help memory retrieval...forgetting the result of using improper retrieval cues |
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Term
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Definition
must retreive info learned earlier
Example: Fill in the blank |
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Term
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Definition
only need to identiify the correct answer
Example: multiple choice tests |
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Term
| Encoding specifity principle |
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Definition
| cues used during initial learning more effective during later retrieval than novel cues |
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Term
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Definition
| improved ability to remember if tested in the same envirnonment as the initial learning environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Recall improved if internal psychiological or emotional state is the same during testing and initial encoding |
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Term
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Definition
| Recall not an exact replica of original events...often fit memories into existing beliefs or schemas... |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representation of an object, scene or event |
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Term
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Definition
types of schema
mental orginazition of events in time..
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Term
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Definition
Memory can be distorted as people try to fit into existing schemas
Giving misleading info can cause a distortion in memories |
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Term
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Definition
| All people were shown the same video of a car accident...some were asked "How fast were the cars going wen the hit" Others "smashed" The Q how fast were they going changed higher to lower. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of subjective feelings elicited by stimuli that have high significance to an individual (rapid and automatic) |
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Term
High Arousal
(arousal response) |
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Definition
| Pattern of physiological change that helps prepare the body for "fight or flight" |
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Term
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Definition
| Some arousal is necessary, part of all of our emotions..as arousal increases..quality of performance decreases with task difficulty..too much arousal=harmful |
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Term
| James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| (1884) Bodily reactions are experiences as emotion but timing and specificity is a problem |
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Term
| Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| emotional experience and emotional expression are parralel processes that have no direct casual relation. |
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Term
| James-Lange vs. Cannon Bard |
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Definition
| Neither theory is absolutley correct..instead of a linear or parallel process, it is believed that multiple principal factors or emotion influence each other |
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Term
| Schacter's Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
| Experiment: Inject people with adrenaline(or placebo), informed of effects (not informed or misinformed), angry or happy confederate in the room. |
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Term
| The role of facial expressions in emotion |
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Definition
| darwin wrote about emotions and facial expressions....Paul ekman suggests that there are 7 or 8 distinctive expressions across cultures. |
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Term
| Ekman's facial feedback theory |
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Definition
| Each basic emotion is associated with a unique facial expression....has an effect on wether you are happy or sad! Frowning makes you more sad. |
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Term
| Brain-based Theory of Emotions |
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Definition
diencephalan- in particular the hypothalamus, first target of the study of Brain and Emotions
amygdala- evaluate the significance of stimuli and generate emotional responses
(Kluver-bucy syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
| influence people's conscious emotional feelings and ability to act in planned ways based on feelings..(Parietal, Occipital, andTemporal Lobe) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision, hearing, touch, taste, pain, smell |
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Term
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Definition
Measuring thresholds-boundary between 2 psychological states
Absolute threshold- Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus. |
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Term
| Vision-the sense most studied |
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Definition
| purpose?..to transform light energy into electro-chemical neural response |
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Term
| Light- the visual stimulus |
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Definition
| Light can be described as both a particle and a wave, wavelength of light is related to it's percieved color |
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Term
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Definition
| Like a camera...using a lens to focus light onto a photo-sensitive surface at the back of a sealed structure..the image is inverted..lens flattens when focusing image |
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Term
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Definition
CELL TYPES
Photoreceptors-cones & rods
Bipolar Cell
Ganglion cell |
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Term
| Function of Photoreceptors |
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Definition
| the photoreceptors transduce the energy in lighht into a neural response, occurs when entering lights is absorbed by photopigment molecules in photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrated in the center of the eye (fovea) approximatly 6 million |
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Term
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Definition
concentrated in periphery
(approximatly 120 million) |
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Term
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Definition
| region with no rods or cones |
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Term
Differences between cones an rods..
(CONES) |
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Definition
allow us to see in bright light
allow us to see fine spatial detail
allow us to see different colors |
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Term
Differences between cones and rods...
(RODS) |
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Definition
allow us to see in dim light
can not see fine spatial detail
can not see different colors |
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Term
| Receptive Fields and Rod vs. Cone Visual Acuity |
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Definition
Cones- in the fovea, one cone often synapses onto only 1 ganglion cell
Rods- the axons of many rods synapse onto 1 ganglion cell..reduces visual acuity and allows rods to be sensitive to dim light |
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Term
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Definition
Differences in wavelength of light=color!
Rods are color blind..cones= color sight.
This happens because we have 1 type of rod and 3 types of cones (sensitive to red, green and blue) |
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Term
| Trichromatic Theory of Coolor Vision |
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Definition
| Researchers found that by mixing only 3 primary lights..red, blue & green..they could create ALL possible colors |
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Term
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Definition
| by combining lights of different wavelegths, we can create new perception of colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| pigments get their "color" by absorbing some of the light that would be otherwise reflected |
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Term
Color blindness
(protanopia) |
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Definition
"1st color defect"
confuse red and green
red cones are filled with green opsin(photopigment) |
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Term
Color Blindness
(Deuternanopia) |
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Definition
"2nd color defect"
confuse red and green..
green cones are filled with red opsin(photopigment) |
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Term
Color Blindness
(Tritanopia) |
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Definition
"3rd color defect"
Rare!! (0.001)% not on x chromosomes can not see short wavelengths no blue cones so world looks red and green. Not a lot of blue cones, so acuity ok. |
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Term
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Definition
to account for phenomena like complementary afterimages, Herring proposed we have 2 types of color opponent ganglion cells.
(red-green) & (blue-yellow) |
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Term
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Definition
| axons of the ganglion cells come together to form the optic nerve..half of the optic nerve fibers cross onto the LGN..LGN neurons synapse onto primary visual cortx |
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Term
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Definition
| the concious representation of the extrenal environment |
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Term
| What does development mean? |
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Definition
CHANGE..
change can be abrupt or gradual |
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Term
| 2 views of human development |
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Definition
stage theories
continuity |
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Term
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Definition
| there are distinct phases to intellectual and personality development |
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Term
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Definition
| development is continuous |
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Term
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Definition
| periods when an individual is particualarly sensitive to certain envirnomental experiences. |
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Term
| Cross-sectional research method |
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Definition
| performance of people of different age groups are compared |
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Term
| Longitudinal research methods |
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Definition
| performance of one group of people is assessed repetadly over time |
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Term
| Sequential research methods |
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Definition
| combines cross-sectional and longitudinal aprroaches in a single study |
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Term
| How are physical and psychological development related? |
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Definition
psycical maturity sets limits on psychological ability...
prenatal environment can have a lifetime effect on health and intellectula ability |
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Term
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Definition
| where the sperm penetrates the ovum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the first 2 weeks after conception |
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Term
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Definition
| weeks 3-8 after conception |
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Term
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Definition
| Two months after conception until birth |
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Term
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Definition
| any agent that causes a birth defect9drugs, radiation, viruses, etc.) |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| cluster of defects occuring in infants born to mothers that drink heavily during pregnancy....leading cause of mental retardation..CAN BE PREVENTED |
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Term
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Definition
| born with an immature visual system, but other senses function well on day 1. |
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Term
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Definition
turning the head and opening the mouth in a direction of a touch on the cheek |
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Term
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Definition
| sucking rythmically in response to oral stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked |
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Term
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Definition
| throwing the arms out, arching the back, and bringing the arms together as if to hold something |
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Term
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Definition
| curling the fingers around an object |
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Term
Infant Perception
(newborn) |
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Definition
| not just a buzz or blur..in the first week of life, they will recognize mother smell, show preferneces for novel stimuli, and gaze at face like patterns more than no face like patterns |
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Term
Infant perception
(2-3 months) |
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Definition
| will grasp objects and put it in their mouths in order to explore |
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Term
| How can you research infant selective attention? |
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Definition
measure gaze duration...
create physically impossible events
Infants notice at 3-4 months |
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Term
| How does knowledge of the properties of physical objects arise? |
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Definition
| object permeance, objects cant pass through other objects, dropped objects fall |
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Term
| Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| Believed that children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world. These understandings=schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| process of taking new information or a new experience (object) and fitting it into an already existing schema |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which existing schemas are changed in order to fit new information |
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Term
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Definition
| asked children to solve problems and to question them about their reasoning..children think in radicaly different ways then adauts..Proposed developments occurs in "stages" |
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Term
Sensorimotor stage
(Birth-2) |
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Definition
| information is gained though senses and motor actions...the child does not reason...symbols are used. |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding that objects exist independent of ones actions or perceptions...infants don't understand this before 6 months |
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Term
Preoperational stage
(2-7 years) |
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Definition
| Emergence of symbolic thought(creative play) Egocyntric...only care to see things from their point of view. |
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Term
Concrete Operational
(7-12 years) |
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Definition
| Understanding of menatl operation leading to logical thought..conservation..categorization......less egocentric..ability to reason hypothetically |
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Term
Conservation
(length, substance, number) |
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Definition
length- if an object is moved, is it the same length
substance - if water is poured into a differnet shape glass..same substance amount?
number- spread out coins..same object amount? |
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Term
| Critique of Piaget's Theory |
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Definition
| Underestimates chldrens abilities...overestimates age differences in thinking..vague about chamge..lack of evidence |
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Term
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective |
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Definition
| emphasized the child's interaction with the social world as a cause of development..language is the founation for thought and social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| children learn from interactions with other people |
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Term
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Definition
| focused in children's interaction with the physical world |
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Term
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Definition
| intense emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver |
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Term
| Harlow's study of Attatchment |
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Definition
| Infant rhesus monkes were placed with 2 surrogate mothers, one made of wire..one of soft cloth..milk producing nipple was placed on either or...attatchment was based on "contact comfort" rather than milk |
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Term
| Ainsworth's strange situation |
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Definition
Mother-child dyads were observed in a playroom uder 4 conditions.
intia mother-child interaction, mother leaves infant alone, freidnly stranger enters the playroom, mother returns and greets child. |
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Term
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Definition
| explores the room when mother is present, becomes upset and explores less when mother is not present, shows pleasure when mother returns |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of insecure attatchment in which child avoids mother and acts coldly to her |
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Term
| Anxious resistant attatchment |
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Definition
| a form of insecure attatchment where the child remains close to the mother and remains distressed despite her attempts to comfort |
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Term
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Definition
| use of rewards and real or threatened punishments to control children's behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| expressing disapproval of child rather than of action |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal reasoning in which parent induces child to think about harmful consequences of actions |
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Term
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Definition
| value obedience and use of a high degree of power assertion |
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Term
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Definition
| less concerned with obedience, greater use of induction |
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Term
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Definition
| most tolerant, least likely to use discipline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Information-processing perspective |
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Definition
| Focuses on the mind as a system, analogous to a computer, for analyzing information from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
smallest meaningful units of language
(nouns, verbs, conjunctions, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| elementary vowel and consonant sounds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vowel sounds produced 2-4 months |
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Term
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Definition
| consonant/vowel sounds between 4-6 months |
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Term
| Chomsky's language-acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| innate foundation for grammar and learning the unique rules of a culture's language |
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