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Definition
| any event that can change or take on different values |
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| 3 things we can do to variables |
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Definition
manipulate them
control or select for them
measure them |
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| things we believe influence or directly cause some sort of change in behavior |
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| true independent variable |
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Definition
| we manipulate, assign a certain value to this type of variable |
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| quasi independent variable |
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Definition
we control or select for them
ex: Shyness, number of siblings |
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| variables that we measure; it is how we asses behavior- we can asses the impact of the independent variable through the independent variable |
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| descriptive scientific method |
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Definition
| case studies, case histories, surveys, naturalistic observation |
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| type of study that examines correlations |
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| type of study that involves true and quasi experiments |
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| you try to emphasize things that explain behavior and gloss over things that don't |
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| Predictive methods of study |
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Definition
| method of study in which we try to predict behavior before it happens |
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| a predictive method in which two dependent variables are examined to see their relationship |
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| positive correlative relationship |
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Definition
| as 1 variable increases, the other increases |
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| negative correlative relationship |
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| as 1 variable increases the other decreases |
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Definition
symbol for correlation
varies from -1.0 to 1.0
the closer the absolute value of r is to 1.0 the stronger the correlation |
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Definition
| phenomenon in which people act differently when they know they are being observed |
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Definition
| this is a problem that occurs when dealing with correlation experiments, it involves the possibility that there may be a third variable that we are not studying, but influences the outcome |
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Definition
the only method that allows us to establish causality
3 steps
1. equate the groups
2. administer independent variables
3. evaluate the outcomes |
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Definition
| a variable that you did not control that influences the outcome of the experiment |
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| subjects participating in an experiment try to guess what is going on and respond accordingly |
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| the bias of the experimenter influences the outcome of the experiment |
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| neither experimenter or subjects know the others' condition |
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Definition
| the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and spinal cord |
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| somatic peripheral system |
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Definition
| controls voluntary skeletal muscles |
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Term
| autonomic peripheral system |
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Definition
| self-regulated action of internal organs and glands |
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Term
| sympathetic autonomic system |
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Definition
| controls when you are scared or aroused. this includes the flight or fight syndrome in which your heart races, adrenaline is released, etc. |
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Term
| parasympathetic autonomic system |
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Definition
| system that relaxes you and allows you to restore energy reserves |
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Definition
| main component of central nervous system |
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controls planning
higher oder functioning
and motor control |
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Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex that controls body senses. This controls touch, hot, cold, pain and kinesthesis |
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Definition
| back, this is your primary visual cortex, this is why if you hit the back of your head you see lights |
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Definition
| primary auditory cortex- helps you to listen to and identify sounds |
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Definition
the basic brain cell that has 4 basic features
dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and the terminal buttons |
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Definition
| part of a neuron that receives information from other surrounding neurons |
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Definition
| part of a neuron the helps with maintenance of the neuron |
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Definition
| part of the neuron that creates the length. it is a hollow tube filled with fluid that sends signals |
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Definition
| parts of the neuron that communicate with the dendrites of other neurons. they transmit information |
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Definition
communicate information
and
process information |
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Term
| process of axonal transmission |
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Definition
a neuron has a negative charge at rest
when it fires a huge electrical puls occurs, this is an action potential- a positive electrical charge that travels down the axon |
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Definition
| the chemical process that allows the exchange of information between neurons |
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| neurotransmitters are found here within the axon |
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Definition
| they are found within the vesicles of the terminal buttons |
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Term
| where neurotransmitters are released during synaptic transmission |
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Definition
| these are released into the synaptic gap during synaptic transmission |
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Term
| once neurotransmitters bind to dendrites they are removed by 1 of two processes |
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Definition
once neurotransmitters bind to ______ they are removed by
1. enzymes
2. reuptake in which neurotransmitters are used again |
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| most psychoactive drugs work here |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| selective seratonin reuptake inhibitor- allows seratonin to have a prolonged effect. |
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Definition
| the property that allows one part of the brain to compensate for other damaged parts |
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Definition
| the part of the brain, located on top of the brainstem, that projects into different parts of the brain. This is involved in arousal, attention, and dreaming |
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Definition
| the part of the brain that is involved in fine motor control and simple learning and muscle tone |
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Definition
| this is the aggression area of the brain which is very rich in endorphins |
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Definition
| endorphins primary purpose is to block pain, this is especially useful in fight or flight syndrome which is why they are located in the central gray area, which controls aggression |
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Definition
the most highly developed structure in the brain that is critical for basic biological drives
feeding, fighting, fleeing and mating |
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Definition
| releases hormones that control the menstrual period, growth, and much more |
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| controls the production of speech |
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Definition
| disorder that affects brocas area of the brain and causes people to have extreme difficulty speaking |
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Definition
| another speech area. people who have wernickie's aphasia can speak but nothing they say makes sense |
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Definition
| involved in emotional control, aggression and memory |
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| part of the limbic system that creates new factual memories |
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Definition
| inability to learn new information after brain damage |
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| when you cannot remember information prior to brain damage |
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Definition
| chronic alcoholics have this syndrome that causes anterograde amnesia |
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Definition
| part of limbic system that is critical for processing emotions such as fear. |
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Definition
involved in motor control
dopamine is a huge part of this portion of the brain, it helps your movements to be smooth and fluid |
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Definition
| when you do not have enough dopamine in your basal ganglia |
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Definition
| the part that humans have more of than any other species, this is involved in higher order thinking |
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Definition
| the inability to recognize faces, this is a result of association cortex damage |
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Definition
| the large body of axons that interconnect the two hemispheres of the brain, in severe cases of epilepsy the corpus callosum is severed |
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Definition
| each side of the brain is specialized for certain types of function |
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| the hemisphere in which language is lateralized |
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Definition
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Definition
| when the unconscious expresses itself in a highly distorted manner |
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Term
| psychoanalytic approach to dreaming |
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Definition
| freud theorized this, he said there were two parts of dreaming 1. manifest content- the actual dream and 2. latent content- the underlying motivation of the manifest contient |
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Term
| mental housekeeping approach to dreaming |
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Definition
| the approach to dreaming that states that you need to dream in order to consolidate memories |
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| problem focused approach to dreaming |
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Definition
| when your dreams reflect what you are worried about, your problems and priorities |
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| activation-synthesis approach to dreaming |
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Definition
| the idea that there is no purpose in dreaming and that your brainstem is randomly firing |
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Term
| sleeping pill induced insomnia |
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Definition
| sleeping pills suppress REM sleep. when on sleeping pills you will therefore, have a REM rebound and have extremely emotional dreams. |
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Definition
| when you go through random bouts of sleep, often REM paralysis is still in effect when you wake |
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Term
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Definition
| you fall asleep and stop breathing so your brain wakes you up and you breathe, the process repeats hundreds of times per night |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous positive air pressure, treatment for sleep apnea |
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| antagonist psychotic drugs |
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Definition
| reduce actual neurotransmitters at synapse |
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Term
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Definition
amplify action of neurotransmitters at synapse
this occurs in three ways
a. additional release of neurotransmitters
b. mimmic neurotransmitters
c. block reuptake |
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Term
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Definition
| reduce pain, includes opium, morphine, heroine, and opiates |
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Definition
reduce central nervous system activity
includes alcohol, barbituates, and tranquilizers. |
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Definition
stimulate the brain and can lead to days without sleep,
includes caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, and nicotine |
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Definition
alter perception of reality and increase awareness
these include LSD, weed , ecstasy and MDMA |
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Term
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Definition
| now used as a therapeutic tool in which you enter a dissociative state, marked by deep relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and a lack of reality testing or reality monitoring |
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Term
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Definition
| when you make up things, especially things that are suggested to you, happens frequently in hypnosis |
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Definition
| meaningless output of a sense |
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Definition
| processing the sensation and deriving meaning from it |
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Term
| How does sensation and perception happen |
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Definition
1. a physical stimulus hits a sensory receptor
2. the sensory receptor transduces the stimulus into a psychological sensation |
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Term
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Definition
sound, soundwaves are measured in Hz (Frequency)
amplitude (Size of wave) is interpreted as loudness
frequency is interpreted as pitch |
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Definition
| light, wavelength is color and intensity is brightness |
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Definition
| clear spherical structure that is on outside of eye, helps with depth perception |
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Definition
| elastic structure that changes to focus the image on the back of your eye |
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Definition
| occurs when your lens looses its elasticity |
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Definition
| this is the only part of the brain that exists outside the skull, has rods and cones |
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Definition
| part of retina that see low light conditions, not color |
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Definition
| part of retina that see color and give us great visual acuity |
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Definition
| area of eye with highest acuity, very few lateral connections |
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Definition
| axons are gathered and leave the eye here to go to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| color vision only exists because our visual system interprets wavelength |
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Term
| subtractive color mixture |
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Definition
| occurs when you mix colors together, the absorbed light waves are subtracted from your vision and you only see the reflected light RBY |
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Definition
| when lights with different wavelengths (colors) are mixed to produce a color RGB |
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| trichromatic theory of vision |
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Definition
| the theory that states that we have 3 different kinds of cones, each tuned to different colors (blue, red, and green) |
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| opponent process theory of vision |
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Definition
| the idea that we have three primary opponent pairs, when you see one member of the opponent pair you cannot see the other. this explains why negative color after images occur |
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| Internal behavior explanation |
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Definition
| you attribute a person's actin to an internal issue |
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| external behavioral explanation |
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Definition
| you attribute a person's action to a situation or circumstance |
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Definition
| has causes, order and is predictable |
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Definition
| the scientific study of behavior and mental experience- everything we think, feel and do and all the factors that affect it |
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Definition
| without bias, we test all our beliefs, they have to be testable |
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Definition
| thorough, tests all alternatives |
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| publicly observable psychology |
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Definition
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Definition
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| objective, systematic, publicly observable, and precise |
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Definition
| Wilhelm Wundt- focused on the structure of conscious experience |
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| Biological perspective of psychology |
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Definition
| basic biological or physiological reasons for explaining actions. this tries to correlate sections of the brain to certain behaviors and studies why the brain gives rise to certain behaviors |
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Term
| psychodynamic perspective of psychology |
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Definition
| actions are caused by powerful, irrational, animalistic drives. Freud believed that we can't explain what we do and why we do it- all of these animalistic desires are boiling under a thin veneer of restrictive societal rules |
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| behavioral approach to psychology |
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Definition
| John watson- all animals will change their behavior to adapt to their environment. You are constantly learning how to be successful in your environment |
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| cognitive perspective of psychology |
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Definition
| emphasizes the importance of the thought process and how we think about and interpret the world |
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| humanistic perspective of psychology |
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Definition
| prominent in the 1960's- focuses on the individuality of people and the different ways that they perceive the world. An individual's behavior is governed by an individuals choices. |
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| social cultural perspective of psychology |
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Definition
| influenced by culture and society in which we are raised. Every society has norms of "good behavior" and these are powerful influences on our behavior |
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