Term
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Definition
| A person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| State in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert. |
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Term
| Alerted State of Consciousness |
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Definition
| State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over the 24-hour period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage. |
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Term
| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep |
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Definition
| Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bad dreams occurring during REM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rare disorder in which mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares. |
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Term
| Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) |
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Definition
| Occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around in one's sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during sleep without waking fully. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning. |
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Term
| Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods. |
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Term
| Activation-Information-Mode Model (AIM) |
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Definition
| Revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams. |
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Term
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Definition
| State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion. |
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Term
| Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis |
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Definition
| Theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings relaxation and intoxication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| A natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The active ingredient in tobacco. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depressant drugs that have a sedative effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality. |
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Term
| LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethyl-amide) |
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Definition
| Powerful synthetic hallucinogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects. |
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Term
| Stimulatory Hallucinogenics |
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Definition
| Drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mild hallucinogen (also known as "pot" or "weed") derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| An involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning) |
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Term
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Definition
| The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred. |
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Term
| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) |
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Definition
| Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. |
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Term
| Conditioned Taste Aversion |
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Definition
| Development of nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any behavior that is voluntary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch |
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Term
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Definition
| Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement Effect |
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Definition
| The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcement of each and every correct response. |
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Term
| Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same. |
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Term
| Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event. |
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Term
| Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same. |
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Term
| Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again. |
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Term
| Punishment by Application |
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Definition
| The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The punishment of a response by the removal of the pleasurable stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that leads to a desired more complex behavior. |
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Term
| Successive Approximations |
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Definition
| Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens |
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Term
| Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) |
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Definition
| Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past. |
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Term
| Learning/Performance Distinction |
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Definition
| Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holding onto information for some period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used. |
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Term
| Information-Processing Model |
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Definition
| Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages. |
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Term
| Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model |
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Definition
| A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network for neural connections. |
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Term
| Levels-of-Processing Model |
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Definition
| Model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed" or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| The brief memory of something a person has just heard. |
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Term
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Definition
| An active system that processes the information in short-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way. |
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Term
| Procedural (nondeclaritive) Memory |
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Definition
| Type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that is consciously known such as declarative memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus for remembering. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of memory retrieval in which the information will be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to process information into memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory due to the passage of time during which the memory trace is not used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory from the point of some injury of trauma backwards, or loss of memory from the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3. |
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Term
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Definition
| The memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story. |
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