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Psychology chapters 15,16
Psych Chaps 15, 16
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/05/2012

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Term
Axis I Disorders
Definition
in the DSM-IV-TR, the major clinical syndromes that cause significant impairment.
Term
Axis II Disorders
Definition
in the DSM-IV-TR, the more longstanding personality disorders as well as mental retardation.
Term
Syndromes
Definition
Groups or clusters of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder.
Term
Comorbidity
Definition
Occurence of two or more disorders at the same time.
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Definition
State of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting 6 months.
Term
Panic Attacks
Definition
Brief episodes of anxiety associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear or danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects, for example.
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
An anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks.
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
An anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur.
Term
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Definition
A type of anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat.
Term
Phobia
Definition
An anxiety disorder; an ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity.
Term
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Definition
An anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors.
Term
Obsession
Definition
An unwanted though, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress.
Term
Compulsion
Definition
A repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules.
Term
Impulse Control Disorder
Definition
An anxiety disorder related to obsessive compulsive disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors.
Term
Diathesis-Stress Model
Definition
Explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment.
Term
Mood Disorder
Definition
Category of psychological disorder that is characterized by disturbances in emotional behavior that inhibit normal everyday functioning.
Term
Major Depressive Disorder
Definition
Mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two consecutive weeks.
Term
Dysthymia
Definition
Form of depression that is milder in intensity, but longer in duration, than major depressive disorder.
Term
Bipolar Disorder
Definition
Mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods.
Term
Manic Episode
Definition
One mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts.
Term
Cyclothymia
Definition
A relatively mild but long lasting form of bipolar disorder.
Term
Psychotic Disorders
Definition
Psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions.
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
Psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including halluncinations.
Term
POsitive Symptoms (of Schzophrenia)
Definition
The perceptual experiences associated with schzophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech.
Term
Hallucinations
Definition
Convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus.
Term
Delusion
Definition
ONe of the symptoms of schzophrenia; a false belief or exaggeration held despite evidence to the contrary, such as the idea that one is a famous person.
Term
Cognitive symptoms (of schzophrenia)
Definition
Problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing, and speech.
Term
Negative Symptons (of schizophrenia)
Definition
Symptoms that include nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks.
Term
Word Salad
Definition
Term for the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content.
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
Psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness.
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Definition
Dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts and behaviors, and emotions. Some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder.
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
Psychological disorders that take bodily or physical form and mimic physical diseases, but have no known physical cause or medical basis.
Term
Somatization Disorder
Definition
Psychological disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that have no known medical or physical basis.
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
Pervasive and debilitating fear of suffering from serious physical illness although none is found by a medical professional.
Term
Personality Disorders
Definition
Patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence and maladaptive and inflexible; they are more consistent than clinical disorders.
Term
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Definition
Odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclsivity, and a lack of humor.
Term
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Definition
Odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to live an isolated and asocial life, but also by the presence of odd thoughts and beliefs.
Term
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Definition
Odd-Eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways.
Term
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Definition
Dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, sedutive, flamboyant and exaggerated behaviors.
Term
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Definition
Dramatic- emotional personality disorder characterized by having an extremely postive and arrogant self image and being extraordinarily self centered; other symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self-importance and grandiosity.
Term
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Definition
Annxious-Fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction.
Term
Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
Dramatic emotional disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder.
Term
Antisocail Personality Disorder
Definition
Dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder.
Term
Dependent Personality Disorder
Definition
Anxious- fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and having a strong need to be cared for.
Term
Obsessive Comulsive Personality Disorder
Definition
Anxious- fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive compulsive disorder.
Term
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD)
Definition
Childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, to do careful work.
Term
Autistic Syndrome Disorder, or Autism
Definition
Childhood disorder characterized by severe language and socail impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behaviors.
Term
Joint Attention
Definition
Ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking.
Term
Asperger's Syndrome
Definition
A childhood disorder at the high-functioning end of the autistic spectrum; characterized by impaired social interests; intelligence is usually above average and language is not delayed or deficient.
Term
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors
Definition
Class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.
Term
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Definition
Drugs used for treating depression as well as chronic pain and ADHD
Term
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Definition
Drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse.
Term
Bupropione
Definition
A widely used antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Term
Benzodiazepines
Definition
A class of anxiety reducing drugs that can be addictive, but are less dangerous than barbiturates.
Term
Barbiturates
Definition
A class of anxiety reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose.
Term
Lithium
Definition
A salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania with bipolar disorder.
Term
Phenothiazines
Definition
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia; help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia, but also have adverse side effects.
Term
Traditional Antipsychotics
Definition
Histoically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms.
Term
Anypical Antipsychotics
Definition
Newer antipsychotic drugs, which do not create tardive dyskinesia.
Term
Tardive Dyskinesia
Definition
Repetitive, involuntray movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.
Term
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Definition
A form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed, no longer in use.
Term
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Definition
Treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure.
Term
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Definition
Treatment for severe depression involving exposure of brain structures to bursts of high intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity.
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
The use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior.
Term
Psychoanalytical Therapy
Definition
Based on Freud's ideas, therapeutic approach oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation.
Term
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Definition
Therapy aimed at uncovering unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems.
Term
Free Association
Definition
A psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, discusting, or troubling it may be.
Term
Transference
Definition
Process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as through that person were someone from the clients past.
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
Unconscious strategies the mins uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way.
Term
Repression
Definition
The unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness.
Term
Catharsis
Definition
The process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting.
Term
Client-Centered Therapy
Definition
A form of humanistic therapy in which the threapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient.
Term
Behavior Therapies
Definition
Therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders.
Term
Token Economies
Definition
A behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges.
Term
Systematic Desensitization
Definition
A behavioral threapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the threapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object.
Term
Flooding
Definition
An extreme form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object.
Term
Cognitive Therapy
Definition
Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns.
Term
Cognitive-Behavioral Threapy (CBT)
Definition
An approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors.
Term
Group Therapy
Definition
Therapeutic settings in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a threapist to help themselves and one other.
Term
Support Groups
Definition
Meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or coping with an ill family member.
Term
Evidence-Based Therapies
Definition
Treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome.
Term
Dodo Bird Virdict
Definition
The finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exists in effectiveness among standard therapies.
Term
Technology-Based Therapy
Definition
Category of therapy that makes use of technology or the internet to complement current therapies or make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people.
Term
Virtual Reality Therapies
Definition
Category of therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise.
Term
Integrative Therapy
Definition
An eclectic approach in which the threapist draws on different treatment approaches and used those that seem most appropriate for the situation.
Term
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
Definition
An approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns.
Term
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Definition
Treatment that integrates elements of CBT with excercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorders.
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