Term
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Definition
| in the DSM-IV-TR, the major clinical syndromes that cause significant impairment. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the DSM-IV-TR, the more longstanding personality disorders as well as mental retardation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups or clusters of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurence of two or more disorders at the same time. |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| State of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting 6 months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief episodes of anxiety associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear or danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects, for example. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur. |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| A type of anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder; an ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity. |
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Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unwanted though, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress. |
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Definition
| A repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder related to obsessive compulsive disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Category of psychological disorder that is characterized by disturbances in emotional behavior that inhibit normal everyday functioning. |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
| Mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two consecutive weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of depression that is milder in intensity, but longer in duration, than major depressive disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods. |
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Term
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Definition
| One mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively mild but long lasting form of bipolar disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including halluncinations. |
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Term
| POsitive Symptoms (of Schzophrenia) |
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Definition
| The perceptual experiences associated with schzophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| ONe of the symptoms of schzophrenia; a false belief or exaggeration held despite evidence to the contrary, such as the idea that one is a famous person. |
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Term
| Cognitive symptoms (of schzophrenia) |
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Definition
| Problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing, and speech. |
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Term
| Negative Symptons (of schizophrenia) |
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Definition
| Symptoms that include nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term for the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness. |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| Dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts and behaviors, and emotions. Some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorders that take bodily or physical form and mimic physical diseases, but have no known physical cause or medical basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that have no known medical or physical basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pervasive and debilitating fear of suffering from serious physical illness although none is found by a medical professional. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence and maladaptive and inflexible; they are more consistent than clinical disorders. |
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Term
| Schizoid Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclsivity, and a lack of humor. |
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Term
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to live an isolated and asocial life, but also by the presence of odd thoughts and beliefs. |
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Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Odd-Eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways. |
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Term
| Histrionic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, sedutive, flamboyant and exaggerated behaviors. |
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Term
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Dramatic- emotional personality disorder characterized by having an extremely postive and arrogant self image and being extraordinarily self centered; other symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self-importance and grandiosity. |
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Term
| Avoidant Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Annxious-Fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction. |
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Dramatic emotional disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder. |
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Term
| Antisocail Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder. |
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Term
| Dependent Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Anxious- fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and having a strong need to be cared for. |
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Term
| Obsessive Comulsive Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Anxious- fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive compulsive disorder. |
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Term
| Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| Childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, to do careful work. |
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Term
| Autistic Syndrome Disorder, or Autism |
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Definition
| Childhood disorder characterized by severe language and socail impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A childhood disorder at the high-functioning end of the autistic spectrum; characterized by impaired social interests; intelligence is usually above average and language is not delayed or deficient. |
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Term
| Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors |
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Definition
| Class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. |
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Term
| Tricyclic Antidepressants |
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Definition
| Drugs used for treating depression as well as chronic pain and ADHD |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Definition
| Drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| A widely used antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of anxiety reducing drugs that can be addictive, but are less dangerous than barbiturates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of anxiety reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania with bipolar disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs used to treat schizophrenia; help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia, but also have adverse side effects. |
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Term
| Traditional Antipsychotics |
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Definition
| Histoically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Newer antipsychotic drugs, which do not create tardive dyskinesia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repetitive, involuntray movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed, no longer in use. |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| Treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure. |
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Term
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
| Treatment for severe depression involving exposure of brain structures to bursts of high intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on Freud's ideas, therapeutic approach oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation. |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Psychotherapy |
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Definition
| Therapy aimed at uncovering unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, discusting, or troubling it may be. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as through that person were someone from the clients past. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious strategies the mins uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of humanistic therapy in which the threapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| A behavioral threapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the threapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extreme form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns. |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Threapy (CBT) |
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Definition
| An approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapeutic settings in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a threapist to help themselves and one other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or coping with an ill family member. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exists in effectiveness among standard therapies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Category of therapy that makes use of technology or the internet to complement current therapies or make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people. |
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Term
| Virtual Reality Therapies |
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Definition
| Category of therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise. |
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Term
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Definition
| An eclectic approach in which the threapist draws on different treatment approaches and used those that seem most appropriate for the situation. |
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Term
| Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) |
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Definition
| An approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns. |
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Term
| Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) |
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Definition
| Treatment that integrates elements of CBT with excercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorders. |
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