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| Empiricism; knowledge is acquired through one's experiences. |
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| Nativism; certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn. |
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| Dualism; there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind -- they interact with one another through to pineal gland. |
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| Concept of perception; need a 5% increase or decrease to be able to tell a difference (i.e. weight). |
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| Same concept of perception as Webner; used this for light and expanded the idea. |
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| Set up the first psychological lab; considered to be the "father" of psychology. |
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| Structuralism; analyzing the basic elements or structure of mental experiences through introspection -- the subjective observation of one's own thoughts. |
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| Functionalism; mental states are constituted solely by their functional role, how they allow one to adapt to their environment. |
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| A now defied theory that specific mental abilities/characteristics are localized in specific parts of the brain, which could be felt from bumps on the head and such; developed by Franz Joseph Gall. |
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| Surgically removed brain and argued against the phrenology concept. |
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| Studied brain damaged people (left frontal lobe) to link localization and ability, further disproving the phrenology concept. (Broca = Speech) |
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| Little Albert; Classical Conditioning |
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| Skinner Box; Operant Conditioning (punishment and reward). |
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| Leader of the psychoanalytic theory. |
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| Physiological mechanisms involved in behavior and cognition; studied in three ways: patient studies, lesion studies (taking out part of the brain), and neuroimaging. |
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| Had part of his hippocampus taken out due to epilepsy; lost his long term memory. |
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| Did experiments involving mice and mazes after taking out part of their brains. |
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| Importance of amygdala, performed on monkeys; behavior sharply changed. |
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| Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are a result of unconscious forces. |
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| Humans are unique in their abilities for choice, growth, and psychological health. |
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| Humans are active participants in their environment. |
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| How human behaviors have adapted. |
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| Neuroscience; how the central and nonplural nervous systems account for behavior. |
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| How your background and cultural experiences define behavior. |
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| Observational studies, case studies, surveys, etc. |
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| Involves observing behavior in the real world; two goals: avoid artificiality of the lab and describe variables and relationships between humans. |
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| Intense observation and recording of behavior of a single participant over an extended period of time; no guidelines for such studies, reports may vary, and frequently used in clinical settings. |
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| Experimenter Expectancies |
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| Expectations that cause the experimenter to behave toward a patient in a manner that the expected response is more likely shown. |
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| Experimenters preconceived ideas; teachers expectations can affect students' performances. |
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| Each participant has an equal chance of being put into any group. |
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| Extraneous variables are completely removed from an experiment. |
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| Achieves group equality by distributing extraneous variables. |
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| Inadvertently leads participants to respond in a particular manner. |
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| The tendency of participants to behave as they perceive the experimenter wants them to behave. |
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| Answering the questions in a way as to make your answers like "most people." |
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| How to Control Participant Effects |
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| 1. Both the experimenter and participant are unaware of the treatment being administered. 2. Rewrite items so that a negative response represents agreement. |
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| Participants must consent; procedures/risks must be clearly stated; risks should be avoided whenever possible; scientifically qualified personnel; participants can discontinue whenever they choose. Result of WWII. |
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| See how to cute syphilis; told patients they were "curing" them; continued study until all were dead; withheld proper treatment. |
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| Voltage; told to continue; most did. |
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| Stanford Prison Experiment |
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| Environment created; prisoner/guard. |
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| Respect for patients (informed consent, information, comprehension); beneficence (do not harm, assessment of risks/benefits); must be just (equal amount of risk to each participant). |
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| The Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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| Campus review panel for the use of participants; treats animals/humans according to ethical guidelines; composed of a cross-section of individuals. |
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| Researcher's Responsibility |
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| (IRB) Be trained and follow ethical guidelines; report deviation or unexpected adverse effects; avoid fabrication, plagiarism, and falsification. |
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| Involved in a number of functions, i.e. motor control. |
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| Regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure & emotional arousement. |
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| Major exitatory neurotransmitter (fight or flight). |
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| Major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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| Influences mood & arousal. |
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| Involved in the regulation of sleep, eating, and aggressiveness behavior. |
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| Act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain. |
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| Coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord and controls basic functions, such as breathing. |
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| Important for orientation and movement |
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| Highest level of brain, critical for complex cognition, emotional/sensory/motor functions. |
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| Central processor; relays and filters information from the senses and transmits to cerebral cortex. |
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| Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. Part of the limbic system. |
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| "master gland" that produces all hormones. |
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| Plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories. |
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| Ties brain together; comprised of fibers. |
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| Critical for the creation of new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored in different parts of the cerebral cortex. |
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| Made up of the four major lobes of the brain. |
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| Used to aid those with epilepsy; patients go largely unaffected; proved that brains work separately, since they don't communicate; communication occurs outside of the brain. |
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| Regions of the cerebral cortex definitely by histological (cellular) properties; discovered by Korbinian Brodmann. |
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| Somatosensory and Motor Corticles; regions separated by function. |
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| Slices of the brain, taking pieces and observing (looking at cells); electophysiology (put electrodes in brain). |
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| MRI (images in slices); FMRI (images of the active parts of brain); PET (see activity after radioactive dye); EEG (cap with sensors that allows brain waves to be recorded). |
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| Sensory/memory processing |
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| Invasive; inserts into brain; treats parkinsons. |
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| Wet sponges, electric currents. |
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| Examine indentical/fraternal twins; compare similaries/differences. |
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| Compare adopted children's abilities and traits to those of adoptive parents and biological parents. |
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| Genome-Wide Association Studies |
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| Obtain DNA from patient and control. |
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| The Just Noticeable Difference is a constant proportion (i.e. weight must increase/decrease at least 2%). |
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| Marks difference between not being able to perceive a stimulus and being able to. |
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| Light sensitive receptor cells located at the back of the retina; FOVEA: contains only cones; involved in clear, sharp vision. |
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| Streams of action potentials containing information encoded by the retina travel to the brain for further processing. |
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| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
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| Of the thalamus then to primary visual cortex. |
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| Superior colliculus to the lateral prosterior pulvinar. |
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| Recognition by Components Theory |
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| Shapes coming together to form things. |
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| inability to recognize faces or objects, etc. |
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| can respond to visual things while unaware of them |
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| Amplitude is measured in decibels; exposure to over 130 decibels can result in hearing damage. |
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| sound waves enter the pinna, the visible part of the eat, and travel the auditory canal, which causes ossicles to vibrate |
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| Ossicles amplify the sound waves in the middle ear, causing the oval window to vibrate. |
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| the oval window initiates activity in the inner ear, sets cochles fluid in motion; fluid pushes and pulls hair cells attached to the basilar membrane |
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| transduces vibrations into neural impulses; auditory nerve carries impulses to the brain. |
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| the three-fluid semi-circular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear used to maintain balance. |
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| small bumps on the tongue |
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| merkel disks, meissner corpussels, ruffini endings, and pacinian corpussels. |
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| Thinking mother in an imposter. |
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