Term
| Altered state of consciousness |
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Definition
| Change in the quality and pattern of mental activity |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief shift in brainwave patterns to those recorded during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Being prevented from obtaining desired or necessary amounts of sleep
Symptoms can often be reversed by a single night's worth of rest |
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Term
| Sleep-deprivation psychosis |
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Definition
| A major disruption of mental and emotional functioning bought about by sleep loss |
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Definition
| One who averages 5 hrs or less of sleep a night |
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Term
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Definition
| One who averages 9 hours or more of sleep per night |
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Term
| Sleep hormone (Melatonin) |
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Definition
| A sleep-promoting substance found in the brain and spinal chord |
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Term
| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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Definition
| A device designed to detect, amplify, and record electrical activity in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, fast brainwaves associated with being awake and alert |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, slow brainwaves associated with relaxation and falling asleep |
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Term
| Light sleep (stage 1 sleep) |
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Definition
Stage 1 sleep; marked by small, irregular brainwaves, and some alpha waves
Irregular breathing, muscle relaxation, hypnic jerk, if awoken at this time people may not realize that they were asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflex associated with entrance into stage 1 (light) sleep as muscles relax |
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Definition
| Brainwaves that are short bursts of distinctive activity that are characteristic of stage 2 sleep; seem to mark the "true" boundary of sleep |
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Definition
| Characterized by sleep spindles and a drop in body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Very large and slow waves that are characteristic of stages 3 and 4 sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep stage when delta waves begin to appear |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage that is the deepest level of normal sleep; brainwaves almost pure delta; sleeper is in a state of oblivion; this stage is first reached in about an hour |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by rapid eye movements; return to a fast, irregular EEG pattern characteristic of stage 1 sleep; can correspond to dreaming stages; normally about 90 minutes per night, but can increase during emotionally tumultous times
Present in mammals, but absent in reptiles |
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Term
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Definition
| This sleep is dream-free 90% of the time; includes the first period of stage 1 sleep and stages 2, 3, and 4; increases after physical exertion and may help recover after body fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally prevents moving during REM sleep; lack thereof causes REM behavior disorder; can also occur as you wake up, resulting in hypnopompic hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and not feeling rested after sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Insomnia caused by worry, stress, and excitement; can turn into a self-defeating cycle if the person continues to struggle against the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Insomnia that lasts for more than 3 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| Insomnia caused by withdrawal from sleeping pills |
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Term
| Nonprescription sleeping pills |
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Definition
| Superficially effective drugs that reduce stage 4 sleep and REM sleep, thus eroding sleep quality |
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Term
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Definition
| (Treat insomnia) Linking a response to certain stimuli (to get into a rhythm so that sleeping and relaxation become associated with going to bed at a specific time) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Treat insomnia) Restricting sleep to normal bedtime hours to prevent fragmented sleep rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
| (Treat insomnia) To keep the eyes open and awake as long as possible to allow sleep to come unexpectedly and lowers anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| An amino acid associated with starchy foods that promotes sleep in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep-walking; occurs during NREM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Bad dream during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur during stage 4 sleep; person suffers total panic and may hallucinate frightening dream images into the bedroom; because body is not immobilized, people may thrash around, run, scream, etc.; most common in children |
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Term
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Definition
| Actively summarizing and altering a nightmare while awake in order to render it "unscary" |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden, irresistible sleep attack that occurs especially commonly during emotional excitement (e.g. laughing) and is associated with temporary total paralysis; It is a sudden entrance into REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Total, temporary paralysis associated with a narcoleptic attack |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug that can reduce the severity of narcoleptic symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated interruption of of breathing during sleep; can severely affect the quality of sleep and can cause people to intermittently awaken |
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Term
| Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask |
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Definition
| Treatment to reduce to severity of sleep apnea |
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Term
| SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome) |
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Definition
| The sudden, unexplained death of an apparently healthy, but often premature, baby; often due to a weakened arousal reflex that is necessary to resume breathing after oxygen deprivation (especially during a cold, for example) |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of extra REM sleep following REM sleep deprivation; explains why alcoholics have nightmares when they stop drinking (alcohol reduces the amount of REM sleep) |
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Term
| Psychodynamic dream theory |
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Definition
| Freud's dream theory that emphasizes internal conflicts, hidden motives, and unconcious forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Images in dreams that Freud believed served as visible signs of hidden ideas, desires, impules, relationships, etc. |
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Term
| Activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Definition
| Hobson's and McCarley's theory that attempts to explain how dream content is affected by motor commands in the brain during REM sleep but are not carried out |
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Definition
| An altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility |
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Definition
| The detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of hypnotized persons to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary |
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Definition
| One's capacity for becoming hypnotized |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Meditative exercise based on attending to a single object or thought |
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Term
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Definition
| Meditative exercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs during times of relaxation (such as meditation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation; can result in dangerous lapses in attention and wildly distorted perceptions in excess; can be oddly relaxing in small amounts |
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Term
| Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) |
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Definition
| A form of sensory deprivation which allows for significant behavioral changes by making people more open to suggestion, thus entailing a variety of psychological benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of open, nonjudgemental awareness of current experience |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance capable of altering attention, memory, judgement, time sense, self-control, mood, or perception |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| When a person compulsively uses a drug to mainain bodily comfort |
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Definition
| Physical illness and discomfort following the withdrawal of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| A reduction in the body's response to a drug, thus prompting increased drug use to achieve the same physiological effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug dependence based primarily on emotional or psychological needs |
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Term
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Definition
Experimental - short-term use out of curiosity
Social recreational - occasional social use for pleasure/relaxation
Situational - use to cope with a specific problem
Intensive - daily use with elements of dependence
Compulsive - extensive use and extreme dependence |
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Term
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Definition
| A brain area part of the reward circuitry that is stimulated by many addictive drugs to release dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetic stimulants; once widely used for weight loss and depression; today, main legitimate use is for childhood hyperactivity and depressant drug overdose; rapidly produce tolerance; can cause nausea, stroke, heart attack, and fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful CNS stimulant from coca leaves; one of the most dangerous drugs of abuse; increases dopamine and norepinephrine release; Withdrawal results in anhedonia |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to feel pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful stimulant; can cause fatal heat exhaustion; often abused in raves; damages serotonergic brain cells, leading to depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive consumption of caffeine, leading to dependence and a variety of physical and psychological complaints |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in cigarretes/tobacco; stimulant; builds a tolerance over time and is very addictive |
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Term
| Scheduled gradual reduction |
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Definition
| A more effective way of quitting smoking compared to the "cold turkey" approach |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedatives that depress brain activity; used to calm patients and induce sleep; can cause mental confusion and hallucinations at high dosages, resulting in higher use than originall intended |
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Term
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Definition
| Degreasing solvent and drain cleaner; CNS depressant; can result in a mild loss of inhibitions and a euphorious desire to socialize |
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Term
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Definition
| A depressant that lowers anxiety and lowers tension; can be used to treat nervousness and anxiety (ex: benzodiezapine); Another example is the "date rape" drug Rohypnol |
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Term
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Definition
| A combined effect of two or more drugs that exceeds the addition of one drug's effects to the others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethyl alchohol; CNS depressant; can be addictive (alcoholism), of which binge drinking is a sign |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial phase of alcohol dependence treatment, which involves sobering up the person and cutting off the supply |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that alters memory or distorts sensory impressions; includes LSD, PC, and marijuana (THC) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental features which, according to Freud, hide the true meanings of dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| A Freudian dream processs that combines several people, objects, and/or events into a single dream image |
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Term
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Definition
| A Freudian dream processs that directs emotions or actions toard a safe or unimportant dream image |
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Term
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Definition
| A Freudian dream processs that results in the nonliteral expression of dream content |
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Term
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Definition
| A Freudian dream processs that makes a dream more logical and complete while remembering it |
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Term
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Definition
| A dream in which the dreamer feels awake and capable of normal thought and action |
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