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Psychology ch.14, 15, 16
last test
74
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
04/01/2013

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Term
Steps of treating a mental disorders
Definition
1. Determine the nature of the problem through diagnosis
2.In diagnosis, clinicians seek to determine the nature of the patient's mental disease by assessing symptoms-behaviours, thoughts, and emotions suggesting an underlying abnormal syndrome, a coherent cluster of symptoms usually due to a single cold.
Term
Comorbidity
Definition
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.
Term
Diathesis-stress model
Definition
suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.
Term
Social phobia
Definition
a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
Term
Generalize anxiety disorder (GAD)
Definition
a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
an extreme fear of venturing into public places
people who have this phobia fear to have a panic attack in public places
Term
Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)
Definition
disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts(obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions)
designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning.
having a repetitive song in your head, counting ceiling tiles during boring lecture.
heightened neural activity in the caudate nucleus in the brain, a portion of basal ganglia.
Term
Dysthymia
Definition
a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition
an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
tends to be persistent
highest rate of heritability, identical twins 40% to 70%, fraternal twins 10%
Term
Hallucinations
Definition
a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
the activation of Broca's area
Term
Delusions
Definition
a patently false believe system, often bizarre and glandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality.
Term
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Definition
the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different time take control of the individual's behaviour.
Term
Dissociative fugue
Definition
the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumptions of a new identity.
Term
Dissociative amnesia
Definition
the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
Term
Dopamine hypothesis
Definition
the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
Term
Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
Definition
a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
Term
Schizophrenia
(not to rearn. sheet)
Definition
a disorder characterized by a profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in thought, motivation and behaviour
Term
Borderline personality disorder
Definition
unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships. Frequent mood changes and anger, unpredictable impulses. Self-mutilation or suicidal threats og gestures to get attention or manipulate others. Self-mage fluctuation and tendency to see others as "all good" or "all bad"
Term
Schizotypal personality disorder
Definition
peculiar or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange beliefs. "Magical thinking" such as belief in ESP or telepathy. Difficulty forming relationships. May react oddly in conversation, not respond, or talk to self. Speech elaborate or difficult to follow (possibly a mild form of schizophrenia).
Term
Schizoid Personality disorder
Definition
extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationships. Prefers to be alone, little interest in others, Humourless, distant, often absorbed with own thoughts and feelings, a daydreamer. Fearful of closeness, with poor social skills, often seen as a "Loner"
Term
Antisocial personality disorder
Definition
impoverished moral sense or "conscience". History of deception, crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive or violent behaviour. Little emotional empathy or remorse for hurting others. Manipulative, careless, callous. At high risk for substance abuse and alcoholism
Term
Histrionic personality disorder
Definition
constant attention seeking Grandiose language, provocative dress, exaggerated illnesses, all to gain attention. Believes that everyone loves them. Emotional, lively overly dramatic, enthusiastic, and excessively flirtatious. shallow and labile true emotions. "Onstage"
Term
Narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success. Exaggerates own achievement , assumes others will recognize they are superior. Good first impressions but poor longer-term relationships. Exploitative of others.
Term
Avoidant personality disorder
Definition
socially anxious and uncomfortable unless they are confident of being liked. In contrast with schizoid person, yearns for social contact. Fears criticism and worries about being embarrassed in front of others. Avoids social situations due to fear of rejection.
Term
claustrophobia
Definition
an intense fear of enclosed spaces.
Term
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
which increase sympathetic nervous system activation (and therefore increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate) and decrease parasympathetic activation
Term
Endorphins
Definition
Howard Fields and Jon Levine (1984) discovered that placebos trigger the release of endorphins (or endogenous opioids), painkilling chemicals similar to morphine that are produced by the brain (see Chapter 5). In their experiments, they found that an injection of naloxone, an opioid-blocking drug, typically reduces the benefit both of an opioid such as morphine and a placebo injection, suggesting that the *placebo has its painkilling effects because it triggers the release of endorphins.
Term
GABA
Definition
can sometimes reduce the symptoms of GAD(generalized anxiety disorder)
GABA inhibits certain neurons in the brain, producing a calming effect for the person.
Term
Dopamine
Definition
tranquilizers reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by lowering levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity.
Term
Personality assessment
Definition
Term
global assessment of functioning
Definition
Term
post-traumatic stress disorder
Definition
a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind.
The individuals with (PTSD) have smaller hippocampus.
Term
Psychologists
Definition
is who practices psychotherapy holds a doctorate with specialization in clinical psychology.
-assessment of psychological disorders and research
-conduct therapy that involves talking
Term
psychiatrist
Definition
is a medical doctor who has completed an M.D> with specialized training in assessing and treating mental disorders.
-can prescribe medications
-don't typically receive much training in the diagnosis or treatment of mental disorders
Term
Social worker
Definition
have master's degree in social work and have training in working with people in dire situations such as poverty, homelessness or family conflict.
Term
counselor
Definition
have a wide range of training To be counselling psychologist, for example, requires a doctorate and practical training- the title uses that the key term psychologist and is regulated by state laws.
Term
psychotherapy
Definition
an interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem
Term
Eclectic psychotherapy
Definition
treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem
Term
Psychodynamic psychotherapies
Definition
a general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
assumes that humans are born with aggressive and sexual urges that are repressed during childhood development through the use of defence mechanisms.
take an average 3-6 years; 4-5 sessions/week.
Term
Transference
Definition
occurs when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies.
Term
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
Definition
a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
getting married; grief of the loved one, interpersonal deficits
therapy is once a week for a couple of months.
Term
Behaviour therapy
Definition
a type of therapy that assumes that discovered behaviour is learned and the symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours.
Term
Token economy
Definition
a form of behaviour therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviours, which they can later trade for rewards.
Term
Exposure therapy
Definition
an approach to treatment that involves confronting and emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response.
the person faces what she fears
Term
Cognitive therapy
Definition
a form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others and the world.
Term
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
Definition
a blend of cognitive and behavioural therapeutic strategies
Term
Existential psychotherapy
Definition
from failures to find a meaning in life
Term
Humanistic psychotherapy
Definition
feelings can be traced to failures to reach one's potential
Term
Empty chair technique
Definition
in which client imagines that another person(eg. spouse, a parent or coworker) is in an empty chair, sitting directly across from the client. The client than moves from chair to chai, alternating from role playing what he or she would say to another person and imagines what the other person will say
Term
Group therapy
Definition
therapy in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere.
-for a therapist it may be difficult to assemble the group of individual with similar needs.
-those who participate less in the group may not benefit much as those who participate more
Term
Gestalt therapy
Definition
an existential approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client becom aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsability for them.
Term
Person centered therapy
Definition
an approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward their own growth and that is growth can be facillitated by acceptance and geenuine reaction of the therapist.
Each client determine their own goals for therapy.
3 basic qualtities: congruence=honesty; empathy, unconditional positive regard.
Term
Drug therapy:
Anxiety medications
antidepressants
antipsychotic drugs
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
psychopharmacology
transcranial magnetic stimulation
Definition
Anxiety medications-drugs that help reduce a person�s experience of fear or anxiety

antidepressants-a class of drugs that help lift people�s mood

antipsychotic drugs-medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-A treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electric shock to the brain
psychopharmacology-The study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-A treatment that involves placing a powerful magnet over a person�s scalp, which either inhibits or stimulates neuronal activity in the brain
Term
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs
Definition
The SSRIs work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, which makes more serotonin available in the synaptic space between neurons. The greater availability of serotonin in the synapse gives the neuron a better chance of “recognizing” and using this neurotransmitter in sending the desired signal.
Term
serotonin
Definition
low levels of serotonin are a causal factor in depression
Term
Iatrogenic illness
Definition
is a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself. Such an illness might arise, for example, when a psychotherapist becomes convinced that a client has a disorder that in fact the client does not have.
Term
Stressors
Definition
specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well being.
Term
Threat
Definition
a stressor you believe you might not be able to overcome.
Term
Environmental psychology
Definition
the scientific study of environmental effects on behavior and health.
Term
Chronic stressors
Definition
sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly.
Ex. Strained relationships, long lines in supermarket, overwork, money troubles.
Term
Burnout
Definition
a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation.
Term
Social support
Definition
the aid gained through interacting with others.
Term
Relaxation therapy
Definition
a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body.
Term
Reframing
Definition
finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces it’s threat.
Term
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Definition
a three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.
Three phases of GAS: alarm phase, resistance phase and exhaustion phase.
Term
Type A behavior pattern?
Type B behavior pattern?
Definition
the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings.

less driven behavioral pattern.
Term
Primary appraisal
Definition
is an interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not.
Term
Secondary appraisal
Definition
is determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not- that is, whether you have a control over the event.
Term
Stress and how to control it?
repressive coping and rational coping?
Definition
Repressive coping- is characterized by avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of the stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint.
Rational coping- facing the stressor and working to overcome it. Involves 3 steps: acceptance, exposure and understanding
Term
What does hostility predicts?
Definition
Hostility particularly in man, predicts heart disease better than any other major casual factor, such as smoking, high caloric intake, or even high levels of LDL cholesterol.
Term
what influence does physical exercise has on psychological well being?
Definition
Exercise promotes stress relief and happiness.
aerobic exercise is associated with psychological well being.
Term
Stress and humour
Definition
Humour can diffuse unpleasant situations bad feelings,reduce sensitivity to pain and distress.
Humor can also reduce the time needed to calm down after stressful event.
However humour doesn't improve health and longevity
Term
psychological hardiness
Definition
stress resistant group is called hardiness. They showed a sense of commitment, exhibited believe in control, and they are willing to accept a challenge.
Hardiness has a positive effects in college students.
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