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In 1879 established the first formal laboratory for research in psychology at the University of Leipzig. 1881 established first journal
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| chief archietect of functionalism |
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| based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function of purpas of consciousness rather than its structure. |
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| the careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience |
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according to Freud the unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desiers that are well belllow the surface of conscious awareness but that nonethless exert great influence on behavior.
ID:pleasure principle
Suberego:parent/moral center
Ego:reality principal |
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| based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consicousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related. |
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A-affect..feelings
B-behavior..act
C-cognition..think |
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attemps to eqplain personality, motivation, and mental disorgers by focusing on unconscious determination of behavior. Frued
Unconscious and childhood experiences |
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| Theoretical orientation based on the premise that scienific psychology should study only observable behavior-everything you do has a reason. |
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| We are all controlled by our environment-organisms tend "free will is an illusion" |
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| theoretical orientation that empasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. |
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| Carl Roger and Abraham Maslow |
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| Human behavior is goverened primarily by each individuals sense or "self-concept"-humanist |
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| Stimulus and response- behaviorist |
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| Branch of psychology concerned with everyday, pratical problems |
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| Branch concerned with the diagonosis and treatment of psychology problems and disorders- branched out during World War II |
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| Refers to the mental processes involved in aquiring knowledge |
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| examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations |
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| uses theory and research to better understanding the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existance- 1. positive subjective experiences/positive emotions. 2. positive individual traits/personal traits. 3.positive institutions and communities |
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| Themes Related to Psychology as a Field of Study |
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1. Psychology is Empirical-the idea that knowledge should be aquired through observation
2. Psychology is Theoretially Diverse-a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
3. Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context-trends,issues, and valuse in society that influence psychology's evolution..viseversa |
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| Themes Related to Psychology's Subject Matter |
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1. Behavior is determined by multiple casues
2. Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage
3. Hereditary and environments jointly influence behavior
4. Peoples experiences of the world is highly subjective |
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| Assumes that events are goverened by some lawful order |
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| Goals of the Scientific Enterprise |
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- Measurement and desctiption
- Understanding and perdiction
- Application and control
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| System of interrelated ideas used tp explain a set of observations |
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| Steps in a Scientific Investigation |
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1. Formulated a testable Hypothesis
2. Select a research method and design the study
3.collect the data
4. Analyze the data and draw a conclusion
5. Report the findings |
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| Consist of differing approaches to the obsercation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in emperical studies |
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| Reasearch method in which the investigator manipulates a variable and observes weather any changes occur in a secound variable as a result- detects cause and effect relationships |
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| Condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable- the experimenter controls or minuplates this variable |
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| The variable that is thought to be effected by minipulation of the independent variable |
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| Consisit of subects who receice some special treatment in regard to the independent variable |
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| consists of similar subjects who do not receice the special treatment given to the experimental group |
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| Any variables that other then the independent variable that seem likely to influence the depedent cariable in a specific study |
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| occures when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficilt to sort out there specific effects |
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| exisists when tow variables are related to each other |
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| indicates that two cariables change together in the same direction |
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| Numerical index of the degree of relationships between two variables |
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| researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects |
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| Occure when subjects behavior is altered by the presence or and observer |
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| Indepth investigation of an individual subject |
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| Researchers use questionnairs of inerviews to gather information about specifie aspects of participants background and behavior |
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| The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results and duplicated |
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| The collection of subjects selected for observation in an emperical study |
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| The much lager collection of animals or people (from which the sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about |
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| Exists when a sample is not represantative of the populationg from which it as drawn |
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| Occur when participants expecations lead them to experience some change even though they recieve empty, fake or ineffectual treatment |
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| A tendency to give sociallly approved answers to questions |
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| Occurs when a researchers expecations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained |
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| Research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups |
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| Internet-Mediated Resarch |
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| Refers to studies in which data collection occurs over the web |
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