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| Discoverer of classical conditioning, well known as a fast walker |
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| Founder of radical behaviorism |
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| Change in an orgamism's behavior or thought as a result of experience |
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| Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
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| Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning |
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Definition
| Form of learing in which animals come to respond to a previously, neurtal stimulus thtat had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic responser |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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| Stimulus that elicits and automatic response |
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| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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| Automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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| Response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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| Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus |
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| Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established |
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| Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
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| Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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| Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired |
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| Higher-order Conditioning |
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| Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
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| Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus |
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| Sexual attraction to nonliving things |
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| Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior |
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| Principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, that stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future |
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| Grasping the underlying nature of a problem |
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| Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised |
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| Outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
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| Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probibility of the behavior |
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| Removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
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| Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement |
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| Learning phas during which a response is established |
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| Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the response after a stimulus is presented repeatedly |
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| Sudden reemergence of an extinguished response after a delay |
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| Displaying response to stimuli simlar to but not identical to the original stimulus |
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| Displaying a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus |
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| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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| Pattern of reinforcing a behavior |
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| Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction that only occasional reinforcement |
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| Only occaisonal reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction that if the behavior had been reinforced continually |
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| Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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| Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses |
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| Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval |
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| Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule |
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| Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly |
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| Variable Interval (VI) Schedule |
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| Patter in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly |
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| Shaping by Successive Approximations |
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Definition
| Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and colser to the target |
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| Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer |
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| Item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior |
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| Learning that's not directly observable |
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| Mental representation of how a phycial space is organized |
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| Learning by watching others |
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| Cell in the prefrontal cortext that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action |
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| Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value |
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| Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement |
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Definition
| An individual's preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information |
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| Classical Conditioning 3 Phases |
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Definition
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery |
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| The more similar to the original CS the new CS is, the stronger the CR will be |
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| Graph of the animal's activity in the Skinner Box |
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| Correlational, longitudinal, and fields studies are... (strong and weak in) |
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Strong in external validity (generalizability to the real world)
Weak in internal validity (extent to which they permit cause-and-effect inferences) |
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| Giving students experimental materials and asking them to figure out the scientific principles on their own |
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