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| the branch of psychology in which the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes are studied |
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| A philosophical perspective put forward by Rene Descartes in which the body is mechanistic, whereas the mind is separate and nonphysical |
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| A philosophical perspective characteristic of the neurosciences in which the mind is viewed as the product of activity in te brain and nervous system |
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| the pseudoscientific notion that skull contours indicate personality and character traits |
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| the study of cells and tissues on the microscopic level |
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| A device used to make very thin slices of tissue for histology |
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| A stain developed by Camillo Golgi used to observe single neurons |
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| A stain used to view populations of cell bodies |
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| A stain used to trace neural pathways |
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| A stain used to trace axon pathways from their terminals to their point of origin |
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| Computerized Tomography (CT) |
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| An imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance X-ray images |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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| An imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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| An imaging technique that provides very high resolution structural images |
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| the smallest distinguishable box-shaped part of a 3D image--short for "volume pixel" |
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| A technology using a series of MRI images taken 1 to 4 seconds apart in order to assess the activity of the brain |
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| A technology for studying the activity of the brain through readings from electrodes placed on the scalp |
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| An alteration in the EEG recording produced in response to the application of a particular stimulus |
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| Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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| A technology for recording the magnetic output of the brain |
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| Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) |
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| A technique for stimulating the cortex at regular intervals by applying a magnetic pulse through a wire coil encased in plastic and placed on the scalp |
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| pathological or traumatic damage to tissue |
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| the surgical removal of tissue |
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| A technique for assessing the chemical composition of a very small area of the brain |
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| the amount of variability of a trait in a population that is due to genetics |
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| genes that take the place of normal genes but that fail to produce the specific protein the normal gene codes for |
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| an undifferentiated cell that can divide and differentiate into other types of cells |
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| A directional term meaning toward the head of a four-legged animal |
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| A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four-legged animal |
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| A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal |
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| A directional term meaning toward the back of a four-legged animal |
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| An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain |
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| An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves |
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| A directional term referring to structures on the same side of the midline |
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| A directional term referring to structures of the opposite sides of the midline |
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| A directional term meaning toward the midline |
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| A directional term meaning away from the midline |
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| A directional term meaning closer to the center; usually applied to the limbs |
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| A directional term meaning away from the trunk and toward the extremities |
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| An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back; parallel to the face. AKA frontal section. |
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| A anatomical section that is parallel to the midline |
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| A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves |
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| An anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom |
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| the layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves |
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| The outermost of the meninges; found in both the central and peripheral nervous system |
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| The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system |
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| the innermost of the meninges; found in both the central and peripheral nervous system |
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| A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers or the meninges in the central nervous system |
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| An infection of the meninges |
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| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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| the special plasmalike fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the entire canal of the spinal cord,a and the subarachnoid space |
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| One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid |
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| the lining of the ventricles, which secretes the cerebrospinal fluids |
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| the small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid |
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| the small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid |
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| One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain |
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| One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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| the nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body |
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| A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebrae |
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| the bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord |
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| An involuntary action or response |
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| the most caudal division of the brain, including the pons, medulla, and cerebellum |
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| The division of the brain lying between the forebrain and the hindbrain |
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| the division of the brain containing the diencephalon ad the telencephalon |
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| The lower two thirds of the brain, including the hindbrain and midbrain |
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| Collections of cell bodies that share a function |
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| A collection of brainstem nuclei that regulate sleep and arousal |
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| Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal |
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| A structure in the pons that participates in arousal |
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| The most caudal part of the hindbrain; portion of the brain that affects essential life processes, including breathing, heart rate, etc. |
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| Portion of the hindbrain that connects the cortex to the cerebellum and controls sleep and arousal; contains the raphe nucleus and the locus coerulus |
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| Portion of the brain in the pons that produces serotonin |
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| Portion of the brain in the pons that produces norepinephrine |
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| Portion of the hindbrain that affects a person's speed, intensity, direction of movement, and implicit memory |
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| portion of the midbrain that helps guild eye movements and fixation of gaze |
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| portion of the midbrain that helps one locate sounds |
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