Term
|
Definition
| contain four carbon rings and are derived from cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Steroid hormones work in three ways |
|
Definition
can bind to membrane receptors like protein or peptide hormones
can enter cells and activate certain kinds of proteins in the cytoplasm
can bind to chromosomes where they activate or inactivate specific genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
testosterone and several other steroids
Male hormones (higher in males than females) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
estradiol and several other steroids
Female hormones (higher in females than males) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prepares uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum and promotes maintenance of pregnancy
Predominantly female |
|
|
Term
| Organizing effects of sex hormones |
|
Definition
| occur mostly during a sensitive stage of development and determine whether the brain and body develop as male or female (prenatal, puberty) |
|
|
Term
| Activating effects of sex hormones |
|
Definition
| temporary, only happen while the hormone is present, can occur at any time in life (cycles) |
|
|
Term
| SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) |
|
Definition
| gene on the Y chromosome responsible for causing the primitive gonads in males that become testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm-producing organs, synthesize the androgen (male hormone) testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursors of the male reproductive organs that develop into vas deferens (duct from testes to penis) and seminal vesicles (storing semen) |
|
|
Term
| Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH) |
|
Definition
| peptide hormone that degenerates the Mullerian ducts in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursor to female reproductive organs that develop into the oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina prenatally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time in development during which a particular event has a long lasting effect |
|
|
Term
| Sexually dimorphic nucleus |
|
Definition
| part of medial preoptic hypothalamus larger in male than female, linked to male sexual behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that binds with estrogen and keeps it out of the cells during early sensitive period (until needed) |
|
|
Term
| In females, primitive gonads: |
|
Definition
| become ovaries, Wolffian ducts degenerate, and Mullerian ducts develop as long as there is not large amounts of testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prenatal development of external genitalia only during 3rd and 4th months and without the male will develop as female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can generate cyclic pattern of hormone release, not male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sexual excitement is highest when testosterone is highest (15-25 years)
Lower testosterone= lower sexual activity |
|
|
Term
| Sexual pleasure during orgasm is due to |
|
Definition
| secretion of large amounts of oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to have an erection, may be treated by increasing blood circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periodic variation in hormones and fertility over 28 days |
|
|
Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| promotes growth of a follicle in the ovary (pituitary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starts producing estradiol increasing release of FSH and lutenizing hormone (LH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
released from remnant of follicle to prepare for implantation
At the end, FSH, LH and progesterone decline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| levels of estradiol and progesterone increase throughout pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Birth control pills (oral contraceptives): |
|
Definition
contain estrogen and progesterone
Prevent surge of FSH and LH to prevent releasing ovum
Makes it harder for sperm to reach egg
Makes it less likely that egg (if released, if fertilized) to be implanted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| midway point of cyle, sexual interest increases, possibly due to high estrogen levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder characterized by anxiety, irritibility, and depression during days just before menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase in estradiol, oxytocin, and prolactin by the day of delivery onset of maternal behaviors in most mammals
Hormones increase activity in medial preoptic area and anterior hyptothalamus
Vasopressin may be important for male parental behavior |
|
|
Term
| Men adopt two mating strategies: |
|
Definition
One-mate strategy
Multiple mate strategy |
|
|
Term
| Men adopt two mating strategies: |
|
Definition
One-mate strategy
Multiple mate strategy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both prefer healthy, intelligent, honest, and physically attractive mates
Women prefer men who are good providers
Men prefer youth |
|
|
Term
| Intersexes (pseudohermaphrodite) |
|
Definition
| development is intermediate between sexes |
|
|
Term
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) |
|
Definition
overdevelopment of the adrenal gland from birth
Girls with CAH or similar conditions prefer both boy and girl typical toys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genitals do not match the normal development for their genetic sex
True hermaphrodites has both testicular tissue plus ovarian tissue |
|
|
Term
| Androgen insensitivity (testicular feminization): |
|
Definition
genetic males with appearance of a female
Inability of androgens to bind to genes, so cells don’t respond to testosterone |
|
|
Term
| The probability of homosexuality is |
|
Definition
| highest in monozygotic (MZ) twins, lower in dizygotic twins (DZ), and lower in adopted siblings |
|
|
Term
| Low testosterone during pregnancy |
|
Definition
| may cause male offspring to respond sexually to either males or females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH-3) in homosexual males is similar in size to heterosexual females, but smaller than heterosexual males |
|
|
Term
| Anterior commissure and suprachiasmatic nucleus |
|
Definition
| are larger in homosexual men compared to heterosexual men |
|
|
Term
| Sex Differences in Cerebral Cognition |
|
Definition
Area of the temporal lobe related to language is larger in female brains (not necessarily XX)
Men have more white matter and differences between language area on left and right hemispheres is larger in males
Males are better at spatial tasks |
|
|
