Term
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Definition
| a person’s understanding of who he/she is in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| illness of disorder of the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| isolation, fear, negative self talk |
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Term
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Definition
| inappropriate reaction, yelling, physical abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| parenting flexible, set limits but listen |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict parents, little communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| high nurturance and communication but no discipline, guidance, or control, navigate on own. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when different from own. |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings of hatred or dislike for another person |
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Term
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Definition
| actions that are helpful and kind but do not benefit agent |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings and actions that are hurtful and destructive to others |
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Term
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Definition
| (up to 3) impulsive reactions, hitting a kid that bumps into you. |
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Term
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Definition
| (2-6) taking stuff instead of asking |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal attacks meant to hurt someone socially |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated unprovoked verbal or physical attack (2-6) |
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Term
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Definition
| threatening to withdrawal love or support using guilt |
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Term
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Definition
| setting a kid out for a specific time |
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Term
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Definition
| Erickson’s third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. |
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Term
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Definition
| time it takes to respond to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| process of repetition that makes a process routine |
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Term
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Definition
| focusing on some stimuli and ignoring others |
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Term
| Developmental psychopathology |
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Definition
| links typical development with study of disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| having 2 or more unrelated diseases at the same time in the same person |
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Term
| Attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| inattentive, impulse, over-activity, great difficulty focusing for more than a few minutes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, mental redartadion or by stressful home environment. |
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Term
| Autistic spectrum disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by inadequate social skills, impared communication, and unusual play. |
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Term
| Physical development in middle childhood |
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Definition
| Growth is slow and steady capacity of hearts, lungs, and muscles improve |
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Term
| Importance of physical activity, what are the benefits, consequences |
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Definition
| Better overall health, less obesity, appreciation of cooperation and fair play respect for teammates and opponents Cons - Drama, getting hurt |
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Term
| Know some of the treatments for autism spectrum disorder |
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Definition
| Special diets, vitamins, medications biomedical treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| Early individualized education, operate conditioning |
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Term
| Least restrictive environment |
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Definition
| a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational contexts in which they can be expected to learn |
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Term
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Definition
| Intended to help children in early grades who demonstrate below average achievement via special intervention |
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Term
| Individual education plan |
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Definition
| Document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs |
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Term
| Concrete operational thought |
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Definition
| ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing things into groups based on different characteristics or categories |
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Term
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Definition
| unspoken link, problem solve |
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Term
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Definition
| current conscious mental activity occurs (active memory) short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| virtually limitless amount of info can be permanently stored |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking about thinking, help see own learning style, how to best accomplish tasks, and then adjust as needed |
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Term
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Definition
| incoming stimuli stored for a split second to be processed |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms like selective attention and metacognition and emotional regulation that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system |
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Term
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Definition
| practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning in a situation that is completely in the second language you are trying to learn |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learners original language and the second language |
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Term
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Definition
| English as a Second Language, used to help lost of students learn basic English so they can be educated in same classroom as native English speakers |
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Term
| No Child Left Behind (2001) |
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Definition
| Increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding my administering standardized tests to measure school achievement |
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Term
| National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) |
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Definition
| An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S children’s achievement in reading, mathematics and other subjects over time, nicknamed “The Nation’s Report Card” |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress that adds up over repeated stressful experiences. |
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Term
| Preconventional moral reasoning |
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Definition
| Kohiberg’s first level of moral reasoning emphasized toward rewards and punishments children seek person pleasure more than social concerns. Similar to preoperational thought, egocentric |
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Term
| Conventional moral reasoning |
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Definition
| Kohiberg’s 2nd level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules, see what family friends and teacher do and mirror. Similar to concrete operational thought |
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Term
| Postconventional moral reasoning |
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Definition
| Kohiberg’s 3rd level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles, uses logic and abstract thoughts. Questions what is to decide what should be? Similar to formal operational thought |
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Term
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Definition
| the 4th of Erickson’s eight psychosocial crises, children attempt to master skills, develop a sense of themselves either competent or incompetent |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring self against peers |
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Term
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Definition
| different experiences 2 people (siblings) have |
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Term
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Definition
| influences that are the same for for people, such as children raised by the same parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological differences between males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences in roles and behavior of males and females that are prescribed by culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm |
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Term
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Definition
| Pretend play in which children act out various rolled and themes in storied that they create |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 6 steps to Scientific Method |
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Definition
1. question/ curiosity
2. hypothesis
3. test hypothesis
4. draw conclusions
5. report results
6. repeat |
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Term
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Definition
| using different participants in same study over and over |
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Term
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Definition
Nature - influence of genes
Nurture - influence of environment |
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Term
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Definition
| when certain development is most likely |
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Term
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Definition
| time when certain growth will happen (only at this time) |
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Term
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Definition
| all parts connected (family, society, people in environment) |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of same age, same cultural experiences |
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Term
| Socioeconomic Statuses (SES) |
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Definition
| position due to income, education ect. aka social class |
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Term
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Definition
| observing someone in a systematic way (lab, natural environment, data) |
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Term
| Independent Variable (IV) |
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Definition
| the variable experimenters change or manipulate, consistent and independant |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable experimenters look for, the result, depends on IV, inconsistent |
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Term
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Definition
| same group observed over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| different age but same important characteristics, comparing age groups over time |
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Term
| Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Approach (5 systems) |
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Definition
1. micro systems
2. exo systmes
3. macro systems
4. meso systems
5. chrono systems |
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Term
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Definition
| direct, immediate surroundings, family, friends, school |
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Term
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Definition
| indirect, Parent workplace schedules or community-based family resources |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connection between all other systems, the connection between the child’s teacher and his parents, between his church and his neighborhood |
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Term
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Definition
the effect of the other systems over time, as children get older, they may react differently to environmental
changes and may be more able to determine more how that change will influence them. |
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Term
| Lifespan Perspective (5 ways) |
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Definition
1. multidirectional
2. multicontextual
3. multiculutal
4. multidisciplinary
5. plastic |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics change, are not linear |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics that are stable for longer (personality, weight) |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid changes in characteristics (puberty, Alzheimer) |
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Term
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Definition
| life has different contexts that change, such as family, friends, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| cultures, race, ethnicity |
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Term
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Definition
| people can learn and develop new habits, mold their traits, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of moral principles that members of a profession are expected to follow |
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Term
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Definition
| used to interpret patterns of development, Piaget's theory of development broken into Sensory Motor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations, Formal Operations |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's Theory of development, unconscious drives/motives, underline human behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| observable behavior (learning theory) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| B.F. Skinner's Theory, rewards for good, consequences for bad, external shaping |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Albert Bandera, theory based on watching and learning, imitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's theory, thought's shape us, changes in how people think |
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Term
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Definition
| fitting new ideas into old ones |
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Term
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Definition
| changes(schemas)old ideas to fit new |
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Term
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Definition
| Vygotsky's theory, development between person and their surroundings, society, and culture |
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Term
| Apprenticeship in Thinking |
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Definition
| development stimulated by an older more skilled member of society, mentor/mentee relationship |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
| skills students are close to learning but cannot quite learn yet without help |
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Term
| 3 Aspects of what teories do |
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Definition
1. produce hypothesis
2. generate discoveries
3. practical guidence |
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Term
| 4 periods of cognitive development |
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Definition
1. sensorimotor - senses, motor skills (0-1)
2. preoperational - language, egocentrism (2-6)
3. concrete operational - reason with things they can touch/feel (6-11)
4. formal operational - more logical and able to understand abstract ideas (12+) |
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Term
| Erickson's 8 developmental stages |
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Definition
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame -self-sufficient or doubtful
3. Initiative vs. Guilt - either want to take initiative or feel guilty and underestimate their limits
4. Industry vs. Inferiority - productive or complacent unable to anything as well as they wish
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion - can find identity, or can;t find identity
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation - seek love, or fear rejection/disappointment
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation - contributes to future generations, or stagnate
8. Integrity vs. Despair - life was meaningful, or depressing, never reached goals |
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Term
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Definition
1. Oral - mouth stimulus (0-3)
2. Anal - toilet training (3-6)
3. Phallic - genital stimulation, boys proud of penis, girls want one (6-11) |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental factors surrounding the genes |
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Term
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Definition
| 47 chromosomes not 46, 3 on the 21st chromosome instead of 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| learn about genetic heritage |
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Term
| 2 Different types of twins |
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Definition
1. monozygotic (MZ)identical
2. dizygote (DZ)fraternal |
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Term
| Assisted Reproduction Theory (ART) |
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Definition
| used to help infertile couples conceive and sustain pregnancy |
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Term
| In virto fertilization (IVF) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1st 2 weeks of prenatal development, rapid cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd week - 8th week basic forms of all body structures form, internal organs develop |
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Term
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Definition
| 9th week - birth, genitals form, heartbeat detectable, fingernails, teeth, eyelashes, central nervous systems develop, as well as cardiovascular systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the process 10 days after conception in which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develop |
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Term
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Definition
| assessment of newborns heart rate, muscle tone, color, and reflexes 1 min after birth and again at 5 min |
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Term
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Definition
| C-Section, surgical birth |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses, prescription and hard drugs, chemicals, ect, that effect or prenatal development, or cause birth deffects |
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Term
| Developmental Tetratogens |
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Definition
| no physical, but may cause child to be antisocial, hyperactive, or mental impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| tetratogens that are harmful at small amounts but maybe be harmful at certain parts |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrom (FAS) |
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Definition
| abnormal facial characteristics, slow growth, mental impairment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Information processing theory |
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Definition
| compare human thinking process to computer analysis of data (input, output) |
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Term
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Definition
| opportunity for perception and interaction from a person place or object in environment |
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Term
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Definition
| hidden until stimulus brings it to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| recalled on demand, usually with words (3yrs.) |
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Term
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Definition
| high pitched adult speech, helps w/ early language learning |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated sounds/syllabus (ba-ba-ba) |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden increase in infants vocab especially in nouns |
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Term
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Definition
| one word carries entire sentence (milk, dada, hungry… ect) |
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Term
| Examples of primary reactions |
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Definition
| sucking on things, holding on to things |
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Term
| Examples of secondary reactions |
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Definition
| experimenting, painting walls, getting peanut butter everywhere, playing with stuff and smearing it everywhere… |
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Term
| Examples of tertiary circular reactions |
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Definition
| doing something to make pleasurable experience last, like babbling to get parent to talk more, doing the same action over and over that makes someone laugh |
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Term
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Definition
| Putting something in your mouth to see what it tastes like, using a book to climb on |
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Term
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Definition
| when a baby smiles for the first time (6 weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
| acting concerned when stranger is around (clinging to mom, sad, staring) |
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Term
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Definition
| being sad, in dismay, or angry when a caregiver leaves (9-14 months) |
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Term
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Definition
| inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity and self regulation. Comes from genes, and early experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustment to what kids need, to help with smooth caregiver infants interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| set of assumptions that become a reference for life. Forming and assumption of who is or isn't trustworthy. Something kids use to organize perceptions and experiences to better understand them and apply them later in life. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that is accomplished by observing others |
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Term
| Appearance and development of emotions |
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Definition
Smiling and laughing (6 weeks)
Anger (6 months)
Sadness (6 months)
Fear (9 months) |
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Term
| N.Y. Longitudinal Study findings-four categories of temperament |
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Definition
Easy (40%) easy going
Difficult (10%) rigid, not go with the flow
Slow to warm up (15%) shy, quiet, fearful
Hard to classify (35%) don’t fit into any category |
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Term
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Definition
| Erickson’s 1st crisis, learning if they can trust caregiver and world to satisfy needs or not |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
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Definition
| Erickson’s 2nd crisis, either can self rule or begin to be independent, or are doubtful and ashamed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional tie to caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| (type B) infant is both comfortable and confident in presence of caregiver |
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Term
| Insecure-Avoidant Attachment |
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Definition
| (type A) Infant avoids connection with caregiver, doesn't notice or care if caregiver leaves or not. |
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Term
| Insecure/Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment |
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Definition
| (type C) Anxiety and uncertainty are apparent, freaks out and needs to see caregiver again |
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Term
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Definition
| (type D)Inconsistent reactions to caregiver leaving |
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Term
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Definition
Attachment experiment
Strange situations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that seeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain. Left handedness, right handedness. |
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Term
| Growth patterns in regards to weight and height |
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Definition
| Children become slimmer as the body lengthens (3 Ibs/yr, 4 ½ in/yr) |
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Term
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Definition
| Children are rigid about daily routines including food preferences and rituals |
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Term
| How myelination improves speed of thought |
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Definition
| The fatty part helps speed connection between neurons |
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Term
| Understand how the maturation of prefrontal cortex affects development |
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Definition
Sleep becomes more consistent
Emotions become more nuanced and responsive
Temper tantrums subside
Enables children to focus their attention and curb impulsiveness
Planning
Prioritizing
Reflection
Evaluation |
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Term
| Examples of the appropriate age for large and fine motor skills |
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Definition
Non representational stage/scribbling stage (2 yrs)
Non representational stage (3-4 yrs)
Emerging representations (4-5 yrs)
Representations (6-8 yrs) |
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Term
| Preoperational intelligence |
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for cognitive development between 2-6. Includes language and imagination, not logical or operational thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on one idea, excluding all others. Things are centered around self. Dad is dad, not a brother or son ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| everyone sees the world as I do. What I like everyone likes |
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Term
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Definition
| a thing is whatever it appears to be (if you have long hair you’re a girl no matter what) |
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Term
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Definition
| belief the world is unchanging (everything is one way and not multiple) |
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Term
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Definition
| what is done cannot be fixed. There is no solution |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding that the amount of something stays the same even when it changes appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary support tailored to the need and abilities aimed to helping them master the task |
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Term
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Definition
| associating things with what you know. Making theories to why things are the way they are. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. Recognizing not all people think the way you do. The more experiences = faster theory of mind development |
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Term
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Definition
| speedy and sometimes imprecise way children learn words. Putting words into categories in their mind according to perceived meaning. Using words right after hearing them rather than getting definition. |
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Term
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Definition
| applying rules of grammar where they should not. (swimed, hitted) |
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