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Psychology 230
Biopsych
91
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/01/2008

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Cards

Term
What are the three layers of meninges from inner to outer?
Definition
Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater
Term
what is the first major division of the brain?
Definition
the hindbrain, or rhombencephalon
Term
Which structures make up the hindbrain?
Definition
pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
Term
What is the 2nd major division of the brain?
Definition
Midbrain, or mesenephalon
Term
What is the 3rd major division of the brain?
Definition
lower forebrain or diencephalon
Term
What is the 4th major division of the brain?
Definition
upper forebrian or telencephalon
Term
What is the Bell-Magendie Law regarding spinal efferents and afferents?
Definition
Dorsal nerves and horns are sensory, Ventral nerves and horns are motor
Term
How does the Bell-Magendie law affect the brain?
Definition
sensory systems are mostly dorsal and motor systems are mostly ventral
Term
What brain division is the cranial nucleus (for each cranial nerve) located in?
Definition
hindbrain, midbrain
Term
What major brain division is the reticular system located in?
Definition
hindbrain, midbrain
Term
What major brain division is the cerebellum located in?
Definition
hindbrain
Term
What is the superior colliculus responsible for and where is it located?
Definition
vision, midbrain
Term
What is the inferior colliculus responsible for and where is it located?
Definition
hearing, midbrain
Term
Where is the red nucleus located?
Definition
midbrain
Term
Where is the thalamus located and what is it responsible for?
Definition
lower forebrain, sensory relay:vision, hearing,touch,pain,taste
Term
Where are the pineal and hypothalamus located?
Definition
lower forebrain (diencephalon)
Term
where is the hippocampus located? and what is its function?
Definition
forebrain (telencephalon) learning and memory
Term
Where is the amygdala and what is its function?
Definition
forebrain (telencephalon) emotion and motivation
Term
Where are the 6 layers of cortex located?
Definition
forebrain (telencephalon)
Term
How has encephalization affected brain size?
Definition
Development of rostral structures, elaboration (not addition) of existing structures
Term
What are 3 brain structures that have undergone evolutionary elaboration?
Definition
Striatum, hippocampus,pyriform cortex
Term
Throughout evolution brain size has increased faster or slower than body size?
Definition
slower
Term
How is the encephalization quotient calculated?
Definition
relative brain weight/body weight
Term
What are some consequences of encephalization?
Definition
invasion of function by rostral structures, loss of lower autonomy
Term
What are the advantages of reflexes?
Definition
moderately fast, simple to program chains of action
Term
What are some disadvantages of reflexes?
Definition
rigid stimulus-response links, vulnerable to disruption, too slow for some tasks
Term
Describe a neural oscillator
Definition
pacemaker neuron: rhythmic bursts
Term
Describe oscillator groups
Definition
circuit creates cyclic burst: walk or run, repeating same burst over and over
Term
How does a servomechanism work?
Definition
acts only when discrepancy exists, corrects discrepancy using negative feedback. Ex: thermostat
Term
Describe fixed action patterns (FAPs) and give an example
Definition
Triggered by innate releaser, will proceed without guiding stimuli. Ex: human swallow
Term
What is the difference between autonomous and semi-autonomous units?
Definition
autonomous does own thing, semi-autonomous is controlled by a higher unit
Term
Signals from the motor cortex to the spinal motor neurons are an example of what?
Definition
direct projection
Term
True or False: Neurons in the primary motor cortex project directly to areas of the body.
Definition
True
Term
True or False:somatosensory cortex is the biggest source for the primary motor cortex (MI)
Definition
true
Term
what controls the pyramidal system?
Definition
Supplementary motor cortex (MII), premotor cortex
Term
What does the MII (supplementary motor cortex) do?
Definition
timing, active before move, planning & rehearsal
Term
What is the premotor cortex responsible for?
Definition
mirror neurons are active in a motion and seeing other, sensory triggered movement
Term
What does the posterior parietal cortex control?
Definition
what can be done in space, lesion affects use, care and representation of contralateral side of body.
Term
What are four extrapyramidal systems?
Definition
red nucleus, reticuluar formation, striatum and substantia nigra (basal ganglia),cerebellum
Term
what two things work together to control hand movement?
Definition
red nucleus and pyramidal system
Term
What are three things the reticular formation is responsible for?
Definition
1.patterning of innate actions (smile, cry,bite,)
2.Postular control (servomechanism)
3.Intermediate for voluntary action (smile, frown,cry)
Term
What are the basal ganglia (striatum and substantia nigra) responsible for?
Definition
Dopamine projection: S.N. -> Striatum
Term
What causes Parkinson's disease?
Definition
Loss of dopamine projections and subsequent death of substantia nigra neurons
Term
Huntingon's disease
Definition
Term
How does stress affect Parkinson's and Huntington's?
Definition
Stress enables Parkinson's patients, inhibits Huntington's patients
Term
What are examples of some striatum sequential patterns?
Definition
Animal behavioral sequences, Parkinson's deficits (complex syntax, sequence tasks), tourettes, OCD
Term
True or False: 30% of tourettes patients also suffer from OCD
Definition
true
Term
True or false: The striatum is an on/off mechanism
Definition
false, it integrates emotion and sensation with action
Term
What are some examples of sequential patterns implemented by the striatum?
Definition
action, language, thought
Term
How does the cerebellum act as a servomechanism?
Definition
it smooths movement (affected by alcohol)
Term
Explain how the cerebellum acts through ballistic programs and learned programs
Definition
ballistic programs:saccadic eye movement, typing
Learned programs: automatic motor habits ex: tying your shoes,ride bike, video games, ski
Term
what are the three levels of umwelt perception?
Definition
-some stimuli are screened/fail to be detected'
-some stimuli are enhanced or distorted
-some stimuli are imposed
Term
What is a topographic map?
Definition
Distorts reality and emphasizes stimuli of importance-homunculus "ratunculus"
Term
What is a retinotopic map?
Definition
fovea=enhanced resolution-'focus of attention'
Term
What are some examples of imposition of order?
Definition
depth perception:binocular vision cures, blind spot: eye is unaware
Term
What organ is shared with early aquatic vertebrates and modern day fish?
Definition
lateral line organ-touch receptor: hairs w/ axons
Term
What are some evolutionary modifications to the vestibular system?
Definition
-otolith pebble
-semicircular canals (bend&stretch to 3D)
-Vestibular v. auditory (labeled lines)
Term
Which neural coding mechanisms are used to code different pitches?
Definition
Low: frequency code (action potential per cycle)
Medium:volley code (neuron groups)
High pitch:Place code
Term
What are two mechanisms used by the ear to localize sound?
Definition
1. Relative amplitude:high frequencies, sound shadow
2. Time of arrival: phase lag
Term
True or False: Vertebrate hearing involves multiple receptors which are not individually capable of recognition. Must recognize a pattern.
Definition
true
Term
What are the two types of inferior colliculus sound detectors? (frog)
Definition
1. "W" shaped tuning curves-"or" detectors, "and" detectors require both to fire 2. Pattern recognizers-cannot have energy in the middle even if correct frequencies are being heard
Term
What neural mechanism do human's use for audition instead of the colliculus?
Definition
temporal cortex
Term
True or false: Rods make up 95% of photoreceptors in humans
Definition
true, there are many rods per neuron
Term
What is unique about the fovea?
Definition
Cones have a 1:1 neuron connection for high resolution.
Term
What is the organization of the retina starting from the outside, going in?
Definition
rods&cones,horizontal cell,bipolar cells,amacrine cell,ganglion,optic nerve
Term
what is the evagination of the retina?
Definition
evolutionary process where retina folds in on itself creating a tube brain and inverting the receptors
Term
Describe photoreceptor transduction
Definition
light strikes discs on photons and hyperpolarizes rod/cone. Stops neurotransmitter release, depolarization sent to ganglion cell
Term
Describe rods and cones colorwise
Definition
Rods are monochromatic, cones see color
Term
What is the Young-Helmholtz theory of trichromatic coding?
Definition
Three populations of cones(blue, green,red) combine to form all colors
Term
What is the Hering theory of opponent process coding?
Definition
neurons code as binary opposits (complementary colors)neuron is excited by color A, inhibited by color B
Term
What is lateral inhibition?
Definition
intesifies differences in the visual field, ganglions inhibit neighbors in proportion to their own excitement which exaggerates edges
Term
For the ganglion cell of the retina, how does light affect the cell?
Definition
Light in the center excites, light in the surround inhibits
Term
How are non-ganglion cells affected by light?
Definition
light in center inhibits, light in surround excites
Term
How are non-ganglion cells affected by light?
Definition
light in center inhibits, light in surround excites
Term
describe the receptive fields of the fovea
Definition
small receptive field, 1:1 ratio of cone/ganglion cells, parvocelluar cells, color sensitive,fine detail resolution
Term
Describe the receptive fields of the periphery
Definition
many rods per ganglion cell, Magnocellular cells,monochromatic,crude resolution,dark sensitive
Term
Where do the 6 map layers of the visual field originate?
Definition
3 from the contralateral nasal retina, 3 frome the ipsilateral temporal retina
Term
Describe layers 1&2 of the LGN
Definition
Magnocellular (big neurons)motion and dim light sensitive, poor color resolution
Term
Describe layers 3-6 of the LGN
Definition
parvocellular(small cells), color and detail resolution
Term
What two are the two ares of cortical projection in the visual system?
Definition
Area 17-primary visual cortex, v1 striate cortex(striped)
Term
What are some characteristics of the dorsal path?
Definition
-movement perception
-Magnocellular
-V5
-Medial superior temporal cortex
Term
Describe the occipital path for color perception
Definition
V1-V4-posterior temporal lobe
-lesions disrupt color perception and imagery
Term
Describe the ventral pathway
Definition
-parvocellular
-V4
-inferior temporal
-object recognition
Term
Describe a simple visual cell
Definition
-bar shaped field
- +/- organization
-binocular
-responds to spots within field, but full bar increases response
-bar orientation important
Term
How are columns oriented along the striate cortex?
Definition
-Neurons within columns have the same orientation-interconnected layers
-orientation changes systematically across columns
Term
What is ocular dominance?
Definition
neurons in the same column respond preferentially to one eye
Term
Describe a complex visual cell
Definition
- +/- receptive field
-Larger field than simple cells
-no inhibitory surround
-need full bar of light
Term
What is the function of hypercomplex cells?
Definition
-special inhibitory zone acts as an edge detector
-length of bar is critical
-larger receptive field than complex cells
Term
What is the visual system hierarchy?
Definition
1 simple cortical cell=several LGN cells
-simple cells make complex cell
-sensitive to direction
Term
What are some problems with the hierarchical detector idea?
Definition
-few face detecting neurons, agnosia types
-neurally expensive
Term
What is an alternative to the hierachy visual cell theory?
Definition
Fourier analysis, spatial frequency coding. Simple cortical neurons fire to sine gradient rather than bar alone
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