Term
| What are the three layers of meninges from inner to outer? |
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Definition
| Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater |
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Term
| what is the first major division of the brain? |
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Definition
| the hindbrain, or rhombencephalon |
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Term
| Which structures make up the hindbrain? |
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Definition
| pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
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Term
| What is the 2nd major division of the brain? |
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Definition
| Midbrain, or mesenephalon |
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Term
| What is the 3rd major division of the brain? |
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Definition
| lower forebrain or diencephalon |
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Term
| What is the 4th major division of the brain? |
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Definition
| upper forebrian or telencephalon |
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Term
| What is the Bell-Magendie Law regarding spinal efferents and afferents? |
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Definition
| Dorsal nerves and horns are sensory, Ventral nerves and horns are motor |
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Term
| How does the Bell-Magendie law affect the brain? |
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Definition
| sensory systems are mostly dorsal and motor systems are mostly ventral |
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Term
| What brain division is the cranial nucleus (for each cranial nerve) located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What major brain division is the reticular system located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What major brain division is the cerebellum located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the superior colliculus responsible for and where is it located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the inferior colliculus responsible for and where is it located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the red nucleus located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the thalamus located and what is it responsible for? |
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Definition
| lower forebrain, sensory relay:vision, hearing,touch,pain,taste |
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Term
| Where are the pineal and hypothalamus located? |
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Definition
| lower forebrain (diencephalon) |
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Term
| where is the hippocampus located? and what is its function? |
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Definition
| forebrain (telencephalon) learning and memory |
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Term
| Where is the amygdala and what is its function? |
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Definition
| forebrain (telencephalon) emotion and motivation |
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Term
| Where are the 6 layers of cortex located? |
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Definition
| forebrain (telencephalon) |
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Term
| How has encephalization affected brain size? |
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Definition
| Development of rostral structures, elaboration (not addition) of existing structures |
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Term
| What are 3 brain structures that have undergone evolutionary elaboration? |
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Definition
| Striatum, hippocampus,pyriform cortex |
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Term
| Throughout evolution brain size has increased faster or slower than body size? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the encephalization quotient calculated? |
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Definition
| relative brain weight/body weight |
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Term
| What are some consequences of encephalization? |
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Definition
| invasion of function by rostral structures, loss of lower autonomy |
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Term
| What are the advantages of reflexes? |
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Definition
| moderately fast, simple to program chains of action |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages of reflexes? |
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Definition
| rigid stimulus-response links, vulnerable to disruption, too slow for some tasks |
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Term
| Describe a neural oscillator |
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Definition
| pacemaker neuron: rhythmic bursts |
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Term
| Describe oscillator groups |
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Definition
| circuit creates cyclic burst: walk or run, repeating same burst over and over |
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Term
| How does a servomechanism work? |
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Definition
| acts only when discrepancy exists, corrects discrepancy using negative feedback. Ex: thermostat |
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Term
| Describe fixed action patterns (FAPs) and give an example |
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Definition
| Triggered by innate releaser, will proceed without guiding stimuli. Ex: human swallow |
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Term
| What is the difference between autonomous and semi-autonomous units? |
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Definition
| autonomous does own thing, semi-autonomous is controlled by a higher unit |
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Term
| Signals from the motor cortex to the spinal motor neurons are an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Neurons in the primary motor cortex project directly to areas of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False:somatosensory cortex is the biggest source for the primary motor cortex (MI) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what controls the pyramidal system? |
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Definition
| Supplementary motor cortex (MII), premotor cortex |
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Term
| What does the MII (supplementary motor cortex) do? |
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Definition
| timing, active before move, planning & rehearsal |
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Term
| What is the premotor cortex responsible for? |
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Definition
| mirror neurons are active in a motion and seeing other, sensory triggered movement |
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Term
| What does the posterior parietal cortex control? |
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Definition
| what can be done in space, lesion affects use, care and representation of contralateral side of body. |
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Term
| What are four extrapyramidal systems? |
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Definition
| red nucleus, reticuluar formation, striatum and substantia nigra (basal ganglia),cerebellum |
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Term
| what two things work together to control hand movement? |
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Definition
| red nucleus and pyramidal system |
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Term
| What are three things the reticular formation is responsible for? |
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Definition
1.patterning of innate actions (smile, cry,bite,)
2.Postular control (servomechanism)
3.Intermediate for voluntary action (smile, frown,cry) |
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Term
| What are the basal ganglia (striatum and substantia nigra) responsible for? |
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Definition
| Dopamine projection: S.N. -> Striatum |
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Term
| What causes Parkinson's disease? |
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Definition
| Loss of dopamine projections and subsequent death of substantia nigra neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does stress affect Parkinson's and Huntington's? |
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Definition
| Stress enables Parkinson's patients, inhibits Huntington's patients |
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Term
| What are examples of some striatum sequential patterns? |
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Definition
| Animal behavioral sequences, Parkinson's deficits (complex syntax, sequence tasks), tourettes, OCD |
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Term
| True or False: 30% of tourettes patients also suffer from OCD |
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Definition
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|
Term
| True or false: The striatum is an on/off mechanism |
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Definition
| false, it integrates emotion and sensation with action |
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Term
| What are some examples of sequential patterns implemented by the striatum? |
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Definition
| action, language, thought |
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Term
| How does the cerebellum act as a servomechanism? |
|
Definition
| it smooths movement (affected by alcohol) |
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Term
| Explain how the cerebellum acts through ballistic programs and learned programs |
|
Definition
ballistic programs:saccadic eye movement, typing
Learned programs: automatic motor habits ex: tying your shoes,ride bike, video games, ski |
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|
Term
| what are the three levels of umwelt perception? |
|
Definition
-some stimuli are screened/fail to be detected'
-some stimuli are enhanced or distorted
-some stimuli are imposed |
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|
Term
| What is a topographic map? |
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Definition
| Distorts reality and emphasizes stimuli of importance-homunculus "ratunculus" |
|
|
Term
| What is a retinotopic map? |
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Definition
| fovea=enhanced resolution-'focus of attention' |
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Term
| What are some examples of imposition of order? |
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Definition
| depth perception:binocular vision cures, blind spot: eye is unaware |
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Term
| What organ is shared with early aquatic vertebrates and modern day fish? |
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Definition
| lateral line organ-touch receptor: hairs w/ axons |
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Term
| What are some evolutionary modifications to the vestibular system? |
|
Definition
-otolith pebble
-semicircular canals (bend&stretch to 3D)
-Vestibular v. auditory (labeled lines) |
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|
Term
| Which neural coding mechanisms are used to code different pitches? |
|
Definition
Low: frequency code (action potential per cycle)
Medium:volley code (neuron groups)
High pitch:Place code |
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Term
| What are two mechanisms used by the ear to localize sound? |
|
Definition
1. Relative amplitude:high frequencies, sound shadow
2. Time of arrival: phase lag |
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|
Term
| True or False: Vertebrate hearing involves multiple receptors which are not individually capable of recognition. Must recognize a pattern. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two types of inferior colliculus sound detectors? (frog) |
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Definition
| 1. "W" shaped tuning curves-"or" detectors, "and" detectors require both to fire 2. Pattern recognizers-cannot have energy in the middle even if correct frequencies are being heard |
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|
Term
| What neural mechanism do human's use for audition instead of the colliculus? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: Rods make up 95% of photoreceptors in humans |
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Definition
| true, there are many rods per neuron |
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|
Term
| What is unique about the fovea? |
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Definition
| Cones have a 1:1 neuron connection for high resolution. |
|
|
Term
| What is the organization of the retina starting from the outside, going in? |
|
Definition
| rods&cones,horizontal cell,bipolar cells,amacrine cell,ganglion,optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is the evagination of the retina? |
|
Definition
| evolutionary process where retina folds in on itself creating a tube brain and inverting the receptors |
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Term
| Describe photoreceptor transduction |
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Definition
| light strikes discs on photons and hyperpolarizes rod/cone. Stops neurotransmitter release, depolarization sent to ganglion cell |
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|
Term
| Describe rods and cones colorwise |
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Definition
| Rods are monochromatic, cones see color |
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|
Term
| What is the Young-Helmholtz theory of trichromatic coding? |
|
Definition
| Three populations of cones(blue, green,red) combine to form all colors |
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|
Term
| What is the Hering theory of opponent process coding? |
|
Definition
| neurons code as binary opposits (complementary colors)neuron is excited by color A, inhibited by color B |
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|
Term
| What is lateral inhibition? |
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Definition
| intesifies differences in the visual field, ganglions inhibit neighbors in proportion to their own excitement which exaggerates edges |
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Term
| For the ganglion cell of the retina, how does light affect the cell? |
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Definition
| Light in the center excites, light in the surround inhibits |
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|
Term
| How are non-ganglion cells affected by light? |
|
Definition
| light in center inhibits, light in surround excites |
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|
Term
| How are non-ganglion cells affected by light? |
|
Definition
| light in center inhibits, light in surround excites |
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|
Term
| describe the receptive fields of the fovea |
|
Definition
| small receptive field, 1:1 ratio of cone/ganglion cells, parvocelluar cells, color sensitive,fine detail resolution |
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|
Term
| Describe the receptive fields of the periphery |
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Definition
| many rods per ganglion cell, Magnocellular cells,monochromatic,crude resolution,dark sensitive |
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|
Term
| Where do the 6 map layers of the visual field originate? |
|
Definition
| 3 from the contralateral nasal retina, 3 frome the ipsilateral temporal retina |
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|
Term
| Describe layers 1&2 of the LGN |
|
Definition
| Magnocellular (big neurons)motion and dim light sensitive, poor color resolution |
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Term
| Describe layers 3-6 of the LGN |
|
Definition
| parvocellular(small cells), color and detail resolution |
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|
Term
| What two are the two ares of cortical projection in the visual system? |
|
Definition
| Area 17-primary visual cortex, v1 striate cortex(striped) |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of the dorsal path? |
|
Definition
-movement perception
-Magnocellular
-V5
-Medial superior temporal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Describe the occipital path for color perception |
|
Definition
V1-V4-posterior temporal lobe
-lesions disrupt color perception and imagery |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ventral pathway |
|
Definition
-parvocellular
-V4
-inferior temporal
-object recognition |
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|
Term
| Describe a simple visual cell |
|
Definition
-bar shaped field
- +/- organization
-binocular
-responds to spots within field, but full bar increases response
-bar orientation important |
|
|
Term
| How are columns oriented along the striate cortex? |
|
Definition
-Neurons within columns have the same orientation-interconnected layers
-orientation changes systematically across columns |
|
|
Term
| What is ocular dominance? |
|
Definition
| neurons in the same column respond preferentially to one eye |
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|
Term
| Describe a complex visual cell |
|
Definition
- +/- receptive field
-Larger field than simple cells
-no inhibitory surround
-need full bar of light |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of hypercomplex cells? |
|
Definition
-special inhibitory zone acts as an edge detector
-length of bar is critical
-larger receptive field than complex cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the visual system hierarchy? |
|
Definition
1 simple cortical cell=several LGN cells
-simple cells make complex cell
-sensitive to direction |
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|
Term
| What are some problems with the hierarchical detector idea? |
|
Definition
-few face detecting neurons, agnosia types
-neurally expensive |
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|
Term
| What is an alternative to the hierachy visual cell theory? |
|
Definition
| Fourier analysis, spatial frequency coding. Simple cortical neurons fire to sine gradient rather than bar alone |
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