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Psychology 2
Abnormal/Senses
80
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/24/2011

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Term
Maximum sensitivity to low light intensity, photoreceptors should be
Definition
Large
Term
Maximum acuity, photoreceptors should be
Definition
Small
Term
The fovea is specialized for ?
Definition
High Acuity
Term
The periphery is specialized for ?
Definition
High sensitivity
Term
Fovea contains ?
Definition
Only Cones
Term
Periphery contains ?
Definition
Contains mainly rods
Term
Foveal vision only operates in ...
Definition
Bright light ( Photoptic conditions)
Term
Periphery vision operates in ....
Definition
Dimmer light ( Scotopic conditions )
Term
Dark adaptation increases...
Definition
sensitivity when light intensity falls
Term
Light adaptation decreases...
Definition
sensitivity when light intensity rises
Term
Adaptation primarily involves ...
Definition
Mechanisms is the retina
Term
Cone adaptation..
Definition

complete in several minutes

 

does not achieve high sensitivity

 

can be measured by testing foveal vision

Term
Rod adaptation...
Definition

Takes 25–30 minutes to complete

 

achieves maximum sensitivity

 

can be measured

Term
Rod adaptation also involves changes in ?
Definition
Convergence of Rod outputs
Term
Hues ranges from..
Definition
Red to Violet through the spectral hues
Term
Circular variable of colour..
Definition
Purple is an extraspectral hue, lying between red and violet
Term
Any colour we can see is a combonation of...
Definition
Saturation, lightness and hue
Term
Principle of Trichromacy, discovered by Thomas Young
Definition
Any colour can be matched by adding together lights of three different hues
Term
L cones
Definition
Yellow-orange hue
Term
M cones
Definition
yellow-green hues
Term
S cones
Definition
Blue hues
Term
Definition of sound
Definition
Waves of changing pressure travelling through air
Term
A pure tone has
Definition
an amplitude – the maximum air pressure in each cycle
- a frequency – the number of cycles of changing air pressure per second
Term
The outer ear
Definition
pinna, auditory canal
Term
The middle ear
Definition
eardrum, ossicles, oval window
Term
The inner ear
Definition
cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells
Term
Maximum range of frequencies which a person can hear ...
Definition
20Hz-20kHz
Term
Place coding of sound frequency in the cochlea..
Definition
Each part of the basilar membrane vibrates to a particular frequency
Term
Olfaction...
Definition
nasal cavity contains approx 10 million receptor cells
Term
Pheromones are ?
Definition
chemical substances produced by one individual that influence the behaviour of others through olfaction
Term
The perception of flavour (gustation) depends on chemoreceptors in both...
Definition
Nasal cavity & taste buds
Term
Other senses also contribute to the perception of flavour:
Definition

 Vision

 Touch

   Sound 

Term
If we see the lip movements of one speech sound (e.g. ‘ga’) and hear a different
sound (e.g. ‘ba’), we hear a third sound
Definition
DA
Term
Nociceptors ?
Definition
Free nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to various combinations of mechanical forces, chemicals and changes in temperature –
all of which cause sensations of pain
Term
Capsaicin stimulates nociceptors that normally respond to...
Definition
Increased skin tempature
Term
Menthol stimulates nociceptors that normally respond to
Definition
Lowered skin temperature
Term
Ramachandran’s experiment ...
Definition
phantom limb pain was relieved when patients
watched their fist unclench in a mirror.
This demonstrates that the sensation of pain involves interpretation by the brain of
signals both from nociceptors and from mechanoreceptors and the eyes.
Term
Naloxone...
Definition
reduces pain relief from
placebos. Placebo effects therefore work in part by increasing endorphin levels in
the brain.
Term
If the eye ball is too long...
Definition
This is myopia (short sight).
Term
If the eye ball is too short
Definition
This is hyperopia (long sight)
Term
A monochromat can match any colour using only
Definition
One hue and can only perceive variations in lightness
Term
Dichromats can match any colour using only ...
Definition
Two hues. They confuse hues in the red-green region of the hue circle
Term
Echolocation provides another example of ...
Definition
unconscious integration of different senses
Term
Amblyopia results from abnormalities in visual input during early childhood...
Definition
- loss of vision in one eye for a period of time
- poor focussing of the retinal image in one eye
- poor control of convergence of the eyes during fixation
Term
Define obsessive compulsive disorder
Definition
is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry, by repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety, or by a combination of such thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions).
Term
list the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosing this OCD disorder.
Definition
(1) recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress
(2) the thoughts, impulses, or images are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems
(3) the person attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, impulses, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action
(4) the person recognizes that the obsessional thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of his or her own mind (not imposed from without as in thought insertion)

(1) repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly
(2) the behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts either are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive
Term
Briefly describe the three subtypes of ADHD
Definition
Predominantly inattentive type
Predominately Hyperactive-impulsive type
Combined type
Term
Outline two possible causes of anorexia nervosa
Definition
* Possible that genetic factor contribute to risk for both eating disorders
*Has been suggested that increasing rates of eating disorders may be related to shifting ideas of the ideal female shape
Term
Describe two techniques that have been used to treat individuals with depression...
Definition
Biological-
Pharmacological: anti-depressants

Tofranil : Aims to alter patient’s way of thinking away from negative interpretations towards more positive view of events
Prozac: SSRIs also block reuptake of serotonin with fewer side effects than tricyclics


*Psychological
-Cognitive therapies: Aims to alter patient’s way of thinking away from negative interpretations towards more positive view of events
Term
CNS =
Definition
Central Nervous System
Term
Human nervous system contains how many neurons ?
Definition
10 to the 12th power
Term
Neurons code information by ?
Definition
Spiking of action
Term
Neurons process tiny...
Definition
Electrical signals
Term
Receptor cells & the Senses
Definition
Type of nerve cells
Term
Chemoreceptors (sensitive to chemical substances)
Definition
Found in the Nasal cavity & Taste buds
Term
Mechanoreceptors (Sensitive to mechanical forces)
Definition
- the skin – sensitive to pressure

the muscles and joints – sensitive to stretching and rotation

the vestibular system in the ear – sensitive to the position and motion of the head

the cochlea in the ear – sensitive to sound
Term
Photoreceptors (Sensitive to light)
Definition
Found in the eye
Term
5 Traditional senses...
Definition
vision is based on photoreceptors

 

smell (olfaction) is based on chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity 

 

hearing is based primarily on mechanoreceptors in the ear

 

touch is based primarily on mechanoreceptors in the skin 

 

taste is based partly on chemoreceptors in the tongue

Term
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, made up of ?
Definition
Rays
Term
A ray of light has an ?
Definition
Intensity and a Wavelength
Term
Accommodation of the eye..
Definition
To increase the power of the lens, the ciliary muscles contract to make the lens thicker
Term
Light from the sun and most artificial sources is ?
Definition
White
Term
The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the ?
Definition
Iris
Term
There are no photoreceptors at the ?
Definition
Optic disc (blind spot)
Term
Attachment of molecules to receptor proteins causes ?
Definition
Transduction
Term
Chemoreceptors detect ?
Definition
Pheromones
Term
Hair cells are Mechanoreceptors that:
Definition
Transduce vibration of the basilar membrane

Send electrical signals to the brain through the auditory nerve.
Term
Place coding of sound frequency in the Cochlea:
Definition
Each part of the basilar membrane vibrates to a particular frequency.

Frequency is the highest at the oval window, lowest at the tip of the cochlea.

Therefore each hair cell signals the amplitude of one narrow range of frequencies in the sound.
Term
The design of the Fovea & the Periphery is called the?
Definition
Duplex Retina
Term
Seeing colour defined:
Definition
The difference between the physical and the perceived properties of things
Term
Perceived property example , not a physical one:
Definition
Colour of a surface
Term
Reflective spectrum (RS):
Definition
RS describes how much light energy a surface reflects at each wavelength in the visible spectrum
Term
As saturation decreases to zero all hues become ?
Definition
Grey
Term
Percieved colours of a surface is determined by it own RS & ...
Definition
By the RS of other surfaces
Term
Light adaptation is faster than ...
Definition
Dark adaptation
Term
Neurons produce ...
Definition
tiny electrical signals
Term
Inputs to cell body are relatively..
Definition
Small, slow signals that travel along DENDRITES
Term
Outputs from cell body are..
Definition
Large , faster signals traveling along axon
Term
Vestibular vestibular system in the ear...
Definition
Sensitive to the position and motion of the head
Term
Cochlea in the ear is...
Definition
Sensitive to sound
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