Term
| Maximum sensitivity to low light intensity, photoreceptors should be |
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Definition
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| Maximum acuity, photoreceptors should be |
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| The fovea is specialized for ? |
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Definition
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| The periphery is specialized for ? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Foveal vision only operates in ... |
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Definition
| Bright light ( Photoptic conditions) |
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| Periphery vision operates in .... |
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Definition
| Dimmer light ( Scotopic conditions ) |
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Term
| Dark adaptation increases... |
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Definition
| sensitivity when light intensity falls |
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| Light adaptation decreases... |
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Definition
| sensitivity when light intensity rises |
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| Adaptation primarily involves ... |
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Definition
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Definition
complete in several minutes
does not achieve high sensitivity
can be measured by testing foveal vision |
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Definition
Takes 25–30 minutes to complete
achieves maximum sensitivity
can be measured |
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Term
| Rod adaptation also involves changes in ? |
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Definition
| Convergence of Rod outputs |
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Term
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Definition
| Red to Violet through the spectral hues |
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Term
| Circular variable of colour.. |
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Definition
| Purple is an extraspectral hue, lying between red and violet |
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Term
| Any colour we can see is a combonation of... |
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Definition
| Saturation, lightness and hue |
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Term
| Principle of Trichromacy, discovered by Thomas Young |
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Definition
| Any colour can be matched by adding together lights of three different hues |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Waves of changing pressure travelling through air |
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Definition
an amplitude – the maximum air pressure in each cycle
- a frequency – the number of cycles of changing air pressure per second |
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Definition
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Definition
| eardrum, ossicles, oval window |
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Definition
| cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells |
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Term
| Maximum range of frequencies which a person can hear ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Place coding of sound frequency in the cochlea.. |
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Definition
| Each part of the basilar membrane vibrates to a particular frequency |
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Definition
| nasal cavity contains approx 10 million receptor cells |
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Definition
| chemical substances produced by one individual that influence the behaviour of others through olfaction |
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Term
| The perception of flavour (gustation) depends on chemoreceptors in both... |
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Definition
| Nasal cavity & taste buds |
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Term
| Other senses also contribute to the perception of flavour: |
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Definition
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Term
If we see the lip movements of one speech sound (e.g. ‘ga’) and hear a different
sound (e.g. ‘ba’), we hear a third sound |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Free nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to various combinations of mechanical forces, chemicals and changes in temperature –
all of which cause sensations of pain |
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Term
| Capsaicin stimulates nociceptors that normally respond to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Menthol stimulates nociceptors that normally respond to |
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Definition
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Term
| Ramachandran’s experiment ... |
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Definition
phantom limb pain was relieved when patients
watched their fist unclench in a mirror.
This demonstrates that the sensation of pain involves interpretation by the brain of
signals both from nociceptors and from mechanoreceptors and the eyes. |
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Term
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Definition
reduces pain relief from
placebos. Placebo effects therefore work in part by increasing endorphin levels in
the brain. |
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Term
| If the eye ball is too long... |
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Definition
| This is myopia (short sight). |
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Term
| If the eye ball is too short |
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Definition
| This is hyperopia (long sight) |
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Term
| A monochromat can match any colour using only |
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Definition
| One hue and can only perceive variations in lightness |
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Term
| Dichromats can match any colour using only ... |
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Definition
| Two hues. They confuse hues in the red-green region of the hue circle |
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Term
| Echolocation provides another example of ... |
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Definition
| unconscious integration of different senses |
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Term
| Amblyopia results from abnormalities in visual input during early childhood... |
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Definition
- loss of vision in one eye for a period of time
- poor focussing of the retinal image in one eye
- poor control of convergence of the eyes during fixation |
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Term
| Define obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry, by repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety, or by a combination of such thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions). |
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Term
| list the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosing this OCD disorder. |
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Definition
(1) recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress
(2) the thoughts, impulses, or images are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems
(3) the person attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, impulses, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action
(4) the person recognizes that the obsessional thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of his or her own mind (not imposed from without as in thought insertion)
(1) repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly
(2) the behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts either are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive |
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Term
| Briefly describe the three subtypes of ADHD |
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Definition
Predominantly inattentive type
Predominately Hyperactive-impulsive type
Combined type |
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Term
| Outline two possible causes of anorexia nervosa |
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Definition
* Possible that genetic factor contribute to risk for both eating disorders
*Has been suggested that increasing rates of eating disorders may be related to shifting ideas of the ideal female shape |
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Term
| Describe two techniques that have been used to treat individuals with depression... |
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Definition
Biological-
Pharmacological: anti-depressants
Tofranil : Aims to alter patient’s way of thinking away from negative interpretations towards more positive view of events
Prozac: SSRIs also block reuptake of serotonin with fewer side effects than tricyclics
*Psychological
-Cognitive therapies: Aims to alter patient’s way of thinking away from negative interpretations towards more positive view of events |
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Definition
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Term
| Human nervous system contains how many neurons ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons code information by ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Receptor cells & the Senses |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemoreceptors (sensitive to chemical substances) |
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Definition
| Found in the Nasal cavity & Taste buds |
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Term
| Mechanoreceptors (Sensitive to mechanical forces) |
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Definition
- the skin – sensitive to pressure
the muscles and joints – sensitive to stretching and rotation
the vestibular system in the ear – sensitive to the position and motion of the head
the cochlea in the ear – sensitive to sound |
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Term
| Photoreceptors (Sensitive to light) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vision is based on photoreceptors
smell (olfaction) is based on chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity
hearing is based primarily on mechanoreceptors in the ear
touch is based primarily on mechanoreceptors in the skin
taste is based partly on chemoreceptors in the tongue |
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Term
| Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, made up of ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Intensity and a Wavelength |
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Term
| Accommodation of the eye.. |
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Definition
| To increase the power of the lens, the ciliary muscles contract to make the lens thicker |
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Term
| Light from the sun and most artificial sources is ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are no photoreceptors at the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Attachment of molecules to receptor proteins causes ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hair cells are Mechanoreceptors that: |
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Definition
Transduce vibration of the basilar membrane
Send electrical signals to the brain through the auditory nerve. |
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Term
| Place coding of sound frequency in the Cochlea: |
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Definition
Each part of the basilar membrane vibrates to a particular frequency.
Frequency is the highest at the oval window, lowest at the tip of the cochlea.
Therefore each hair cell signals the amplitude of one narrow range of frequencies in the sound. |
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Term
| The design of the Fovea & the Periphery is called the? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the physical and the perceived properties of things |
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Term
| Perceived property example , not a physical one: |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflective spectrum (RS): |
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Definition
| RS describes how much light energy a surface reflects at each wavelength in the visible spectrum |
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Term
| As saturation decreases to zero all hues become ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Percieved colours of a surface is determined by it own RS & ... |
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Definition
| By the RS of other surfaces |
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Term
| Light adaptation is faster than ... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inputs to cell body are relatively.. |
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Definition
| Small, slow signals that travel along DENDRITES |
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Term
| Outputs from cell body are.. |
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Definition
| Large , faster signals traveling along axon |
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Term
| Vestibular vestibular system in the ear... |
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Definition
| Sensitive to the position and motion of the head |
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Definition
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