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PSYCHOLOGY 150
Notes from Lecture and Book
86
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/14/2009

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Term
What is empirical evidence?
Definition
info gained from direct observation
Term
What are the four goals of psychology?
Definition
description, prediction, control, and understanding
Term
What do developmental psychologists study?
Definition
the course of human development and growth
Term
What do personality therapists study?
Definition
personality traits, motivation, and differences
Term
Who is the father of psychology?
Definition
wilhelm wundt
Term
What are the three major perspectives for psychology?
Definition
1. biological (internal and evolutionary affect on behavior)
2. psychological (approaches to help people lead happier lives)
3. sociocultural (culture affects behavior)
Term
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Definition
1. Observe behavior
2. define problem
3. propose hypothesis
4. Conduct research
5. Publish results
6. Formulate theory
Term
What are the five methods of conducting research?
Definition
1. naturalistic observation
2. survey method
3. correlational method
4. clinical method
5. experimental method
Term
What does psychodynamics emphasize?
Definition
internal motives and unconsious forces
Term
A psychologist who uses a variety of perspectives is considered...
Definition
eclectic
Term
What is humanism?
Definition
studies focused on human experiences
Term
What are social norms?
Definition
rules that define acceptable and unacceptable behavior in society
Term
What is naturalistic observation?
Definition
the study of humans/animals in natural settings
Term
what is a survey?
Definition
ask questions about thoughts/attitudes
Term
What is the difference between an experiment and a correlation?
Definition
Experiment is in a controlled environment and is best established for cause and effect. Correlation is simply looking for relationships between events
Term
what is the most accurate definition of psychology?
Definition
the science of behavior and mental processes
Term
Which is the weakest correlation?
a. +.13
b. -.46
c. +.76
d. -.95
Definition
a. +.13
Term
What is the coefficient of correlation?
Definition
the strength and direction of a relationship between two observed events
Term
How does positive and negative correlation work?
Definition
the closer a number is to zero, the weaker the correlation. The closer it is to +1, it's a perfect positive correlation. The closer it is to -1, it is a perfect negative correlation
Term
What is a single-blind experiment?
Definition
an arrangement where the subjects are unaware they are part of the experimental group or control group
Term
What is a double-blind experiment?
Definition
an arrangement where the subjects and experimenters are unaware of whether subjects are part of control group or experimental group
Term
What is the placebo effect?
Definition
changes in behavior caused by belief that one has taken a drug
Term
What is a case study?
Definition
an in-depth focus on a single subject
Term
What is ethnic (cultural) relativity?
Definition
the idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture
Term
What is ethnocentrism?
Definition
placing ones own racial group in center and rejecting other groups
Term
what is egocentrism?
Definition
thought that is self-centered and blocks out other views
Term
who would be most interested in the growth of children?
a. learning theorist
b.comparative psychologist
c. personality theorist
d. developmental psychologist
Definition
d. developmental psychologist
Term
What kind of relationship do experiments tend to establish?
Definition
casual
Term
what is pseudopsychology?
Definition
any false or unscientific system of beliefs
Term
What are the four schools of thought?
Definition
1. structuralism
2. behaviorism
3. functionalism
4. Gestalt
Term
What is structuralism?
Definition
the school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience
Term
what is behaviorism?
Definition
school of thought that emphasizes the study of behavior
Term
What is functionalism?
Definition
a school of thought concerned with how behavior and mental ability help adaption to environment
Term
What is Gestalt psychology?
Definition
a school of psychology that emphasizes the study of learning, thinking and perception in whole units
Term
Which two schools of thought have contemporarily vanished?
Definition
structuralism, functionalism
Term
what is the anthropomorphic error?
Definition
the error of attributing human reactions and thoughts to animals
Term
What are observer bias and observer effect problems of using?
Definition
naturalistic observation
Term
what is the clinical method?
Definition
review natural events that have affected individuals or groups
Term
What is Altered States of Conciousness (ASC)?
Definition
a condition of awareness different from waking consiousness
Term
What is waking consiousness?
Definition
a state of clear, organized, alertness
Term
What does the electroencephalograph (EEC) do?
Definition
a device designed to detect, amplify, and record electrical activity in brain
Term
What are the small, fast brain waves? the slow, larger waves?
Definition
fast--beta waves
slow--alpha waves
Term
What are the four stages of sleep?
Definition
STAGE 1--light sleep (trigger a muscle twitch)
STAGE 2--sleep deepens (EEG includes sleep spindles)
STAGE 3-deeper sleep (Delta brain wave appears)
STAGE 4-Deep sleep (pure delta waves and state of oblivion)
Term
What are REMs?
Definition
rapid eye movements associated with dreaming
Term
When do sleepwalking and sleeptalking occur?
Definition
NREM sleep (REM-most are immobile)
Term
What is the activation-synthesis hypothesis?
Definition
brain is active, will take extra from the day and conduct a dream from that
Term
What is a stimulant?
Definition
a drug that increases activity in the body and the nervous system
Term
what is a depressant?
Definition
a substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system
Term
What term is used to determine our personal awareness of feelings, sensations and thoughts?
Definition
conciousness
Term
REM sleep refers to...
Definition
sleep periods where a persons eyes move rapidly
Term
Which drug is a depressant?
a. cocaine
b. alocohol
c. LSD
d. caffeine
Definition
b. alocohol
Term
Physical exhertion during the day may result in spending more time in what kind of sleep?
Definition
NREM
Term
a _________ is a brief shift in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded in sleep?
Definition
daydream
Term
What is microsleep?
Definition
a brief shift in brain patterns to those of sleep
Term
What is Hypersomia?
Definition
excessive daytime sleepiness
Term
Insomia is?
Definition
difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep and frequent awakenings.
Term
Sleep deprivation can be fixed how?
Definition
with one good nights sleep
Term
When does the Hypnic jerk usually occur (sleeping stage)?
Definition
NREM stage 1
Term
What is sleep apnea?
Definition
interrupted breathing while sleeping
Term
What is concentrative meditation?
Definition
focusing on a single object
Term
What is a psychological dependance?
Definition
drug dependance based on physcial or emotional needs
Term
what is physical dependance?
Definition
physical addiction indicated by drug presence and withdrawal symptoms
Term
If someone tells you they had a dream which they knew they were dreaming, what is that referred to?
Definition
a lucid dream
Term
what is a manifest dream?
Definition
the surface, visible memories of the dream
Term
what is duplicity of mind?
Definition
one part of mind doing a task, one part somewhere else.
Term
how long is a sleep cycle?
Definition
90 minutes
Term
what are alpha waves?
Definition
a relaxed, aware state
Term
what is a placebo?
Definition
an inert substance/ a fake drug meant to rule out suggestion
Term
What are some sedatives? (downers)?
Definition
alcohol, tranquilizers
Term
What are some stimulants (uppers)?
Definition
cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, anti-depression meds
Term
What is the order of Maslow's triangle, from the bottom up.
Definition
1. Physiological
2. safety
3. Love/belonging
4. esteem
5. self-actualization
Term
What are the three deficieny needs of Maslow's triangle?
Definition
1. Physiological
2. safety
3. love/belonging
Term
What are the two Being Needs of Maslow's triangle?
Definition
1. Esteem
2. Self-actualization
Term
What are the two motives Freud says we have in life?
Definition
1. Sex (sensational)
2. aggression
Term
What is androgyny?
Definition
a man/woman who can express masculinity and feminity at same time
Term
What is cognitive?
Definition
a critical thinking process
Term
what is dissonance thinking?
Definition
thinking that clashes/contradicts with your own thoughts
Term
What is the Hypothalamus of LH and VMH?
Definition
LH is "go" factor and VMH is "stop" factor of brain
Term
What are the three types of motivation?
Definition
1. primary motives (monitered by brain/based on survival/hunger, thirst)
2. Stimulus Motives (neccessary, but not required/ manipulation, stimulation, ect)
3. Secondary Motives (learned motives, such as music, art, writing, ect)
Term
Where does most control of eating come from?
Definition
the hypothalmus
Term
what is the correct sequence of a model of motivation?
Definition
need-drive-response-goals
Term
What is homeostatis?
Definition
the body's optimal level of fuctioning- it's 'steady state'
Term
What are cicadian rhythms?
Definition
a cycle of changes your body undergoes every 24 hours
Term
what is the hypothalamus?
Definition
A small area of the brain that regulates motivation and emotion
Term
what are social motives?
Definition
learned motives from growing up in a particular society
Term
what is the difference between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation?
Definition
intrinsic is motivation that comes from personal rewards, or self-enjoyment of a task

extrinsic-- motivation based on obviouse external rewards and obligations
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