Term
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Definition
| Science of Behavior & Mental Processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Established first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in the year 1879. |
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Term
Biological Psychology
(Definition/Also Called/Paraphrased Definition) |
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Definition
Examines the relationship between behavior and the physical systems of the body.
Also called physiological psychology.
How behaviors are influenced by changes in the brain. |
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Term
Cognitive Psychology
(Definition/Paraphrased Definition/What Might Study) |
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Definition
Studies mental processes that are involved in processing, storing, and retrieving information.
Studies how people think.
Might study Alzheimer's Disease or Artificial Intelligence. |
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Term
Social Psychology
(Definition/Example) |
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Definition
How people are affected by their social environments, and how they think about and influence others.
Gangs/Gang Violence
Cults/Cult Members |
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Term
Health Psychology
(Definition/Examples) |
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Definition
Looks at the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention, and treatment of illness.
Stress
Nutrition
Diet
Exercise |
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Term
Educational Psychology
(Definition/Example) |
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Definition
Study of how people of all ages learn.
Might work at schools.
Might develop an age appropriate educational program. |
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Term
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
(Definition/Also Called/Examples) |
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Definition
Concerned with the relationship between people and work.
Also called Business Psychology.
Human Resource Management
Turnover Rates
Job Satisfaction |
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Term
Clinical Psychology
(Definition) |
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Definition
Examines causes, treatment, and prevention of different psychological disorders.
Most common sub-field. (More than 50%) |
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Term
Experimental Psychology
(Definition/Paraphrased Definition/Where it predominately takes place) |
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Definition
Applies scientific research method to the study of humanand animal behavior.
Trying to establish cause/effect relationships.
LAB! |
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Term
Developmental Psychology
(Definition/Often works with...) |
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Definition
Studies the physical, social, and psychological changes that occur throughout the human lifespan.
Often works with children. |
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Term
Personality Psychology
(Definition/Example) |
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Definition
Examines individual differences and characteristics that make each person unique.
Example: Difference between an extrovert and introvert. |
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Term
| Difference Between A Psychologist and A Psychiatrist |
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Definition
Psychologist: Typically has a doctorate (PhD) in clinical psychology. Treatment. (Couch)
Psychiatrist: Has medical degree and can prescribe medication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of principles that organizes and predicts behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Case Study
(Definition/Advantage/Disadvantage) |
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Definition
In depth/lengthy study of one or more individuals.
Advantage: Lot of information.
Disadvantage: Can't generalize information from the case study to the next person. |
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Term
Survey
(Definition/Advantage/Disadvantage) |
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Definition
Technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes and behaviors of participants.
Advantage: Lot of subjects. Inexpensive.
Disadvantage: Socially desirable answers. Wording effects. |
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Term
Naturalistic Observation
(Definition/Advantage/Disadvantage) |
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Definition
Observing subject in its own natural environment without disturbing it.
Advantage: Firsthand information.
Disadvantage: Observer Effect. |
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Term
Experiment
(Definition/Advantage/Disadvantage) |
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Definition
Research method that establishes cause and effect relationships.
Advantage: Establishes cause and effect. Figure out what causes something to happen.
Disadvantage: Can't always replicate the real world in a laboratory. |
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Term
| Definition of Independent Variable |
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Definition
| Part of experiment that is changed by the experimenter. |
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Term
| Definition of Dependent Variable |
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Definition
| Behavior/Mental Process that the effect is being observed upon. |
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Term
| Definition of Control Condition/Control Group |
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Definition
| Opposite of independent variable. Placebo. |
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Term
| Definition of Random Assignment |
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Definition
| Assigning subjects to experimental/control group by chance. |
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Term
| Definition of Operational Definition |
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Definition
| Specifies the procedures that were used to determine the independent and dependent variable. Kind of like a recipe. |
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Term
| Defintion of Double Blind Procedure |
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Definition
| Neither the subjects nor the experimenter know who is in the experimental/control group. |
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Term
| Definition of Correlation |
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Definition
| Statistical measure of relationship. Does not mean one thing causes the other! |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct relationship. As one increases, so does the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect Relationship. As one increases, the other decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceived relationship that does not actually exist. |
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Term
| Definition of Neurons/Nerve Cells |
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Definition
| Basic building blocks of the nervous system. |
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Term
| Four Parts of the Neuron/Nerve Cell |
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Definition
Cell Body/Soma
Dendrites
Axons
Myelin Sheath |
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Term
| Definition of Cell Body/Soma |
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Definition
| Life support center of the cell. Contains nucleus. Keeps cell alive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main job is to receive information from sensory receptors and other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main job is to send information to other neurons. |
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Term
| Defintion of Myelin Sheath |
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Definition
Layer of fatty tissue that surrounds the fibers of some neurons and helps to speed up impulses.
*When myelin sheath breaks down, it results in multiple sclerosis.* |
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Term
Three Types of Neurons
(Names) |
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Definition
Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons |
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Term
| Definition of Sensory Neurons |
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Definition
| Sends information from the body inward to the brain and spinal column. |
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Term
| Definition of Interneurons |
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Definition
| Processes/decodes the information. |
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Term
| Definition of Motor Neurons |
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Definition
| Carries outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simplest neural pathway. Travels through interneurons in the spinal cord rather than the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum level intensity required to trigger an impulse. |
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Term
| Definition of Action Potential |
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Definition
| Electrical charge that travels through the neuron. Also called a neural impulse. (Message between one neuron and the next.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Space/junction/gap between two neurons. |
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Term
| Definition of Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
Acetylcholine
What It Does
Example |
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Definition
Neurotransmitter that causes muscles to contract.
Example: Black Widow Spider (Causes Convulsions) |
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Term
Endorphins
What They Do
Example |
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Definition
Neural Transmitters. Natural opiates (painkillers) in response to pain and intense exercise.
Example: Runner's High |
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Term
| Two Parts of the Central Nervous System |
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Definition
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Term
| Five Techniques For Studying The Brain |
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Definition
Studying Lesions
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Computed Axial Tomograph (CAT/CT)
Positron Emission Tomograph (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Term
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Definition
Oldest Method.
Study of experimentally or naturally caused destruction of the brain tissue.
Basically, poke a hole and see what happens. |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| Records electrical activity on the brain's surface. Tells if there is abnormal activity, but not where the problem is. |
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Term
| Computed Axial Tomograph (CAT/CT) |
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Definition
| Takes multiple x-rays from various angles. |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomograph (PET) |
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Definition
| Injects mildly radioactive sugar into the body. When sugar reaches the brain, the parts that are most active absorb the sugar. They appear red or orange on the computer screen. |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| Uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce a very detailed picture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Right above brainstem. Main job is physical coordination and balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain's sensory switchboard. Analyzes information from the senses. (Decoder) |
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Term
| Definition of Hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Contains reward and pleasure centers of the brain. (Thirst, Hunger, Body Temperature, Sexual Drives) |
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Term
| Definition of Cerebral Cortex/Cerebrum |
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Definition
| The layer of cells that is involved in language, memory, and thinking. (The wrinkly part.) |
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Term
| Two Parts of the Cerebral Cortex/Cerebrum |
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Definition
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere |
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Term
| Definition of Left Hemisphere |
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Definition
| Better at producing speech, language, and writing. Also helps with coordinated muscle reactions and gives you your sense of time and rhythm. (Thinking side.) |
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Term
| Definition of Right Hemisphere |
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Definition
| Understands language, art, and music. Helps you recognize patterns and faces. (Creative side.) |
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Term
| Definition of Corpus Callosum |
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Definition
| Strip of nervous tissue that connects and transmits information between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. |
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Term
| Definition of "Split Brain" |
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Definition
| Corpus Callosum has been severed. |
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Term
| Four Guidelines for Using Human Subjects |
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Definition
Informed Consent
Protect From Harm/Discomfort
Treat Information Confidentially
Fully Debrief When Over |
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Term
| Two Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
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Term
| Definition of Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Arouses body for action. Increases heart rate and blood pressure. Fight or flight. |
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Term
| Definition of Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Calms you back down. Decreases heart rate and blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowest level of the brain. |
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Term
| Three Parts of the Brainstem |
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Definition
Medulla
Reticular Formation
Pons |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls heart rate and breathing. |
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Term
| Definition of Reticular Formation |
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Definition
| Keeps you alert and helps you maintain attention. (Snap-to reflex.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in movement and sleep. Helps you relax and sleep. |
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Term
| Definition of Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| Connects the Central Nervous System with the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands. (Connects brain and spinal column to the rest of the body.) |
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Term
| Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System |
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Term
| Definition of Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Controls involuntary muscle movement. (Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, etc.) |
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Term
| Definition of Somatic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Controls voluntary muscle movement. |
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Term
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Definition
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex |
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Term
| Definition of Limbic System |
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Definition
| Has been linked to memory and emotions. |
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Term
| Two Parts of the Limbic System |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of Hippocampus |
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Definition
Has been connected to memory.
(Linked to Alzheimer's) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The Four Lobes of the Brain |
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Definition
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe |
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Term
| Definition of Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
| Planning and motivation. Contains motor cortex. When stimulated, causes twitches in the body. |
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Term
| Definition of Parietal Lobe |
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Definition
| Receives sensory information from the skin and muscles. |
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Term
| Definition of Occipital Lobe |
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Definition
| Major job is vision/sight. |
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Term
| Definition of Temporal Lobe |
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Definition
| Auditory Perception (Hearing) |
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Term
| Definition of the Nervous System |
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Definition
| Plays a vital role in how we think, feel, and act. By studying the connection between biology and psychology, we are better able to understand human behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1848, Phineas Gage was a railroad construction worker. In an accident, a rod was shot completely through his skull, damaging his left frontal lobe. After he recovered, people said that his personality was so changed that he was "no longer Gage." He had no motivation to go to work any longer, and ended up doing intermittent work for the circus. |
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Definition
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