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| The tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics that are different from and that complement their own. |
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| A methodological procedure used to ensure that any extraneous variable that might influence the dependent measure is distributed equally across experimental conditions. |
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| A theory that maintains that people are motivated to pursue fairness, or equity, in their relationships, with rewards and costs shared roughly equally among individuals. |
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| The feeling of ease associated with processing information. |
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| An architectural layout's tendency to encourage or inhibit certain activities, like contact between people. |
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| The common belief—accurate or not—that attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance. |
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| The interest in and attraction toward a member of the opposite sex. |
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| Direct competition between two or more males or two or more females for access to members of the opposite sex. |
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| The finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus (for example, an object or person) leads to greater liking of the stimulus. |
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| The capacity to get one's genes passed on to subsequent generations. |
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| Acting in a way that tends to produce the very behavior we expected in the first place, as when we act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behavior we expect from them. |
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| A theory based on the fact that there are costs and rewards in all relationships and that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards and the costs and rewards available to them in other relationships. |
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| A survey that attempts to measure the interpersonal relationships in a group of people. |
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| anxious attachment theory |
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Definition
| An attachment style characterized by feelings of insecurity in relationships. Individuals with this style compulsively seek closeness, express continual worries about relationships, and excessively try to get closer to others during times of threat and uncertainty. |
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| approach/inhibition theory |
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Definition
| A theory that states that higher-power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick judgments, whereas low-power individuals are more likely to constrain their behavior and attend to others carefully. |
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| A theory about how our early attachments with our parents shape our relationships for the remainder of our lives. |
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| Power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements. |
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| avoidant attachment theory |
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Definition
| An attachment style characterized by feelings of insecurity in relationships. Individuals with this style exhibit compulsive self-reliance, prefer distance from others, and are dismissive and detached during times of threat and uncertainty. |
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| Relationships in which the individuals feel a special responsibility for one another and give and receive according to the principle of need; such relationships are often long-term. |
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| Behavior that has the acquisition or demonstration of power as its goal. |
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| Relationships in which the individuals feel little responsibility toward one another and in which giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equity and reciprocity; such relationships are often short-term. |
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| interaction dynamics approach |
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Definition
| A methodological approach to the study of the behaviors and conversations of couples, with a focus on both negative behaviors (such as anger, criticism, defensiveness, contempt, sadness, and fear) and positive behaviors (such as affection, enthusiasm, interest, and humor). |
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| interpersonal relationships |
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Definition
| Attachments in which bonds of family or friendship or love or respect or hierarchy tie together two or more individuals over an extended period of time. |
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| investment model of interpersonal relationships |
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Definition
| A model of interpersonal relationships that maintains that three things make partners more committed to each other: rewards, few alternative partners, and investments in the relationship. |
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| The ability to control our own outcomes and those of others; the freedom to act. |
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| The beliefs, feelings, and expectations that we have about ourselves that derive from our relationships with significant others in our lives. |
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| A theory that examines how prior relationships shape our current beliefs, feelings, and interactions vis-ˆ-vis people who remind us of significant others from our past. |
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| An attachment style characterized by feelings of security in relationships. Individuals with this style are comfortable with intimacy and want to be close to others during times of threat and uncertainty. |
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Term
| social dominance orientation |
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Definition
| The desire to see ones own group dominate other groups. |
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| The outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produces differences in respect and prominence, which in part determines an individuals power within a group. |
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| An experimental situation designed to assess an infants attachment to the caregiver. An infants reactions are observed after her caregiver has left her alone in an unfamiliar room with a stranger and then when the caregiver returns to the room (the reunion). |
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| triangular theory of love |
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Definition
| A theory that states that there are three major components of love—intimacy, passion, and commitment—which can be combined in different ways. |
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| working model of relationships |
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Definition
| A conceptual model of relationships with our current partners—including their availability, warmth, and ability to provide security—as derived from our childhood experience with how available and warm our parents were. |
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| Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group. |
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| Glorifying one's own group while vilifying other groups. |
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| frustration-aggression theory |
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Definition
| The theory that frustration leads to aggression. |
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| The belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not. |
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| Implicit Assiciation Test (IAT) |
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Definition
| A technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups. |
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Definition
| An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another. |
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| modern racism (symbolic racism) |
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Definition
| Prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs. |
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Term
| outgroup homogeneity effect |
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Definition
| The tendency to assume that withingroup similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups. |
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Definition
| The pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur. |
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| A negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members. |
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Definition
| A procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (for example, a stereotype). |
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Term
| realistic group conflict theory |
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Definition
| A theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources. |
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Definition
| A theory that a person's self-concept and self-esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs. |
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| Schemas that we have for people of various kinds that can be applied to judgments about people and decisions about how to interact with them. Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups. |
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| The fear that we will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which we are a member. |
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| Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole. |
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| Goals that transcend the interests of one individual group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together. |
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| Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for the self. |
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| Helping a victim of an emergency by those who have observed what is happening. Bystander intervention is generally reduced as the number of observers increases, as each individual feels that someone else will probably help. |
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| A culture that is defined by its members' strong concerns about their own and others' reputations, leading to sensitivity to slights and insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong or insult. |
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| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| A reduction of a sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency or dangerous situation under the assumption that others who are also observing the situation will help. |
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| Identifying with another person—feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing—accompanied by the intention to help the person in need. |
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| A motive for helping those in distress that may arise from a need to reduce our own distress. |
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| The internal state that accompanies the thwarting of an attempt to achieve some goal. |
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| Behavior intended to harm another, either physically or psychologically, and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility. |
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| The evolutionary tendency to look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives together with their offspring so that our genes will survive. |
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| Behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility (for example, to attract attention, to acquire wealth, or to advance political and ideological causes). |
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| The tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that increase the chances of survival of genetic relatives. |
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| Passive and depressed responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no control over their outcomes. |
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| Cultures in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, and as a threat against women so that they will remain subservient to men. |
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| The tendency to help others with the expectation that they are likely to help us in return at some future time. |
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Definition
| Benefits like praise, positive attention, tangible rewards, honors, and gratitude that may be gained from helping others. |
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| A strategy in which the individual's first move is cooperative and thereafter the individual mimics the other person's behavior, whether cooperative or competitive. |
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