Emotion:

Definition?

Some emotions seem to be related to ________

• is a state of arousal involving: physiological changes, cognitive processes, and cultural influences.
• evolutionary history
  

Emotions:

Primary?

Secondary?

• emotions considered to be universal and biologically based
• emotions that develop within a culture and vary across individuals and cultures

Facial feedback:

Definition?

• the process by which facial muscles sends messages to the brain about teh basic emotion being expressed

1. emotional states
2. signals

Facial action coding system:

Definition?

• a system used to carefully observe facial expressions

Polygraph machine:

What does it measure?

What does it detect?

• used to measure emotional arousal of a person
• deteccts increased autonomic nervous system activity

Autonomic System

Sympathetic system: activates when?

Parasympathetic system: involved in what?

• activated dwhen a threat is perceived
• involved in calming the body when there is no risk of danger

Prefrontal Cortex

Where it is located?

What does the left side do?

What does the right side do?

What is this linked to?

• it is the most forward part of the prontal lobes of the brain
• the left side is involved in motivation
• right side is involved in withdrawl and escape
• linked to emotional regulation, modifying and controlling what we feel

Amygdala:

What is it?

What does it assess?

• brain structure involed in regulation of emotions,  and the initial emotional response to sensory information
• assesses threats

Mirror neurons:

Definition?

What is it involved in?

• the brain cells that fre when a person observes others carrying out an action
• empathy, imitation, and reading emotions

Mood contagion:

Definition?

• a mood spreading from one person to another

When experiencing intense emotions or under stress, what two hormones are released?

from where?

• epinephrine and norepinephrine
• from the adrenal glands

James-Lange: Body Reaction Theory:

What is it?

Perceiving a stimulus causes autonomic arousal and other bodily actios that lead to experience of a specific emotion

Cannon-Bard: Central Neural Processes Theory:

What is it?

Two Factor Theory:

Who came up with it?

What is it?

• Stanley Schacter
• says that emotion is a joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal

Cognitive-physiological theory:

Who came up with it?

What is it?

• Schacter and Singer
• says that emotion is a joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal

What are the steps of the Body Reaction Theory:

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. perception
2. body changes
3. emotion
4. behaviour

What are the steps of the Cannon-Bard Theory:

1.

2.

3.

1. perception
2. body and emotion changes
3. behaviour

What are the steps in Schacter's two-factor theory:

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. perception
2. body changes adn cognitive label
3. emotion
4. behaviour

Who did the Bobo doll study?

What did they find out?

• Badura did the Bobo doll studies. 
• He found several factors that make a model’s observed behaviour influential.

Whostudied maze completion in rats?

What in this study was found to exist?

• Edward Tolman studied maze completion in rates.
• This demonstrated the existence of cognitive maps, also showed that latent learning can occur.

Observational learning:

Definition?

• is the way a person learns new responses by observing the behaviour. “We just do what others do.

Latent learning:

Definition?

• is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed behaviourally.

Instinctive drift:

Definition?

•  is the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour.

Discriminative stimuli:

Definition?

What else is it known as?

What are the steps in this process?

• is a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.
• Referred to as the three-term contingency
•  discriminative, stimulus, behaviour, consequence.

Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules:

What are they?

1. FR

2.VR

3.FI

4.VI

What do they do?

1. Fixed-Ration (FR)- reinforcements are given after a fixed number of responses. This has a high response rate.

2.Variable-Ratio (VR)- the average number of responses between reinforcers.
3.Fixed­­-Interval­ (FI)- reinforcer is given after a fixed period of time

4.Variable-Interval­ (VI)- the average interval between reinforcers is predetermined.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement- when made contingent on a behaviour, increases the probability of that behaviour. It is the delivery of a reinforcement after response. It makes behaviour MORE likely.

Punishment

• a stimulus that when made contingent on a response decreases the probability of that response. It is delivering a punishment after a response. It makes behaviour LESS likely.

Contingency

Reinforcement contingency

•  is the relationship between a response and the change it produces in the environment.

•  behaviour consistently followed by reward.

Positive reinforcement­

Negative reinforcement

•  is the action of delivering something good.

• is taking away of something bad.

Escape conditioning

• allows escape from aversive stimulus. Ex: killing spiders to which you are afraid of.

Avoidance conditioning

• allows avoidance of the stimulus before it begins. Ex: Not going to the attic to avoid the possibility of seeing spiders

Primary reinforcers

Secondary reinforcers

•  exist at birth, were biologically determined. Ex: food, water.

•  are stimuli that become associated with primary reinforcers so they now function as conditioned reinforcers. Ex: money, grades, smiles, clapping.

Continuous reinforcement

•  when the reinforcer is delivered every time the desired behaviour is shown. This is the quickest way to train new behaviour.

Radical Behaviourism:

Who used this?

What was it used for?

What did he test on?

•  B.F. Skinner’s name for his own approach to behaviourism.
• This was used by Skinner to test behavioural outcomes.
• Rats performed behaviours followed by positive or negative consequences.

Operant conditioning

•  is a learning procedure that involved manipulating consequences of voluntary behaviour in order to alter the behaviour.

Conditioning Terms:

US

URS
CS

CR

• Unconditioned Stimulus- Any stimulus that naturally provokes a behaviour. Ex: food in the dog’s mouth.

• Unconditioned Response- The behaviour provoked by the UCS. Ex: salivation.

• Conditioned Stimulus- A neutral stimulus that is able to provoke a behaviour only after associated with the UCS. Ex: The dog’s food dish.

• Conditioned Response- the behaviour provoked to the CS. Ex: Sight of a food dish became a CS for salivation.

Classical conditioning:

Definition?

Also known as?

• Pavlovian conditioning
• involves repeated pairing of a stimulus with stimuli that naturally elicit a reflex response.

Operant Conditioning:

Who discovered it?

• B.F Skinner discovered ways to shape and change behaviour

Who argued that behaviours are more important than thoughts. He taught a small kid to fear rats using a loud noise, associating the rat with the loud noise. Found that the fear transferred to other similar looking things.

Who won a Nobel prize for his discovery that dogs learn by association. This came to be known as classical conditioning, the process by which a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus and in response a reaction is produced.