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| the developmental process that produces genetically programmed changes with increasing age |
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| a developing baby from the point where the major axis of the body is present until all major structures are present, spanning from about 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception |
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| a developing baby during the final phase of development in the womb, from about 8 weeks after conception until birth |
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| any external agent, such as a chemical, virus, or type of radiation, that can cause damage to the zygote, embryo or fetus |
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| Nativism (approach to language) |
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Definition
| the view that people are born with some knowledge |
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| Language acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| An innate mechanism, hypothesized by Chomsky, that contains the grammatical rules common to all languages and allows language acquisition. |
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| Child-directed speech (CDS) |
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Definition
Speech by caregivers to babies that relies on short sentences with clear pauses, careful enunciation, exaggerated intonation, and a high-pitched voice. |
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| An overly broad use of a word to refer to a new object or situation. |
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| An overly narrow use of a word to refer to a new object or situation. |
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| The set of rules that determines how words can be organized into an infinite number of acceptable sentences in a language. |
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| Speech that packs a lot of information into a few wrods, typically omitting words such as the, a and of. |
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| A mistake that occurs in speech because the child applies a newly learned rule even to cases where it does not apply. |
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| A narrow window of time when a certain type of learning or some aspect of development is possible. |
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In Piaget's theory, a mental structure that organizes perceptual input and connects it to the appropriate responses. |
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| In Piaget's theory, the process that allows the use of existing schemas to take in new sets of stimuli and respond accordingly. |
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| In Piaget's theory, the process that results in schemas' changing as necessary to cope with a borader range of situations. |
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| The understanding that objects (including people) continue to exist even when they cannot be immediately perceived. |
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| The Piagetian principle that certain properties, such as amount or mass, remain the same even when the appearance of the material or object changes, provided that nothing is added or removed. |
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| In Piaget's theory, the inability to take another person's point of view. |
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| In Piaget's theory, a (reversible) manipulation of the mental representation of an object that corresponds to an actual physical manipulation. |
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| In Piaget's theory, a mental act that can be performed (and reversed) even with an abstract concept. |
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| An emotional bond that leads a person to want to be with someone else and to miss him or her when separated. |
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| Fear of being away from the primary caregiver. |
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| The beliefs, desires, values and attributes that define a person to himself or herself. |
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| The culturally determined appropriate behaviors for males versus females |
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| A situation in which there are moral pros and cons for each of a set of possible actions. |
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| The time when hormones cause the sex organs to mature and secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts for women and a beard for men, to appear. |
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| The period between the onset of puberty and, roughly, the end of the teenage years. |
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| A study in which the same group of people is tested repeatedly, at different ages. |
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| A study in which different groups of people are tested, with each group composed of individuals of a particular age. |
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| The effects of maturation and learning on personality and relationships. |
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| The field concerned with the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of illness as it relates to psychological factors. |
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| The general term describing the psychological and physical response to a stimulus that alters the body's state of equilibrium. |
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| A stimulus that throws the body's equilibrium out of balance. |
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| The bodily changes that occur to help a person cope with a stressor, also called the fight-or-flight response. |
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| A stressor of short-term duration. |
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| A stressor of long-term duration |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| The overall stress response that has three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
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Definition
| The first phase of the GAS, in which a stressor is perceived and the fight-or-flight response is activated. |
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| A group of hormones that are released when the stress response is triggered. |
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| The second phase of the GAS, in which the body mobilizes its resources to achieve equilibrium, despite the continued presence of the stressor; also called the adaption phase. |
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Definition
| The final stage of the GAS, in which the continued stress response itself becomes damaging to the body. |
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| Taking some course of action regarding the stressor, its effects, or the person's reaction to it. |
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| The emotional predicament people experience when making difficult choices. |
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| Approach-approach conflict |
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Definition
| The internal conflict that occurs when competing alternatives are equally positive. |
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| Avoidance-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| The internal conflict that occurs when competing alternatives are equally unpleasant. |
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| Approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| The internal conflict that occurs when a course of action has both positive and negative aspects. |
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Definition
| The personality trait associated with heart disease and characterized by mistrust, an expectation of harm and provocation by others, and a cynical attitude. |
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| A type of white blood cell that matures in the bone marrow |
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Definition
| A type of white blood cell that matures in the thymus |
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Definition
| A type of T cell that detects and destroys damaged or altered cells, such as precancerous cells |
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| A medical condition characterized by plaque buildup in the arteries |
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Definition
| The naturally recurrent experience during which normal consciousness is suspended |
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Definition
| The initial stage of sleep, which lasts about 5 minutes and can include the sensation of gentle falling or floating or a sudden jerking of the body |
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Definition
| Stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and marked brain activity |
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Definition
| The higher percentage of REM sleep that occurs following a night lacking the normal amount of REM |
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Definition
| The obvious memorable content of a dream. |
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Definition
| The symbolic content and meaning of a dream. |
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Term
| Activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Definition
| The theory that dreams arise from random bursts of nerve cell activity, which may affect brain cells involved in hearing and seeing; the brain attempts to make sense of this hodge-podge of stimuli, resulting in the experience of dreams. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's daily fluctuations in response to the cycle of dark and lgiht, which occur with blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature, blood sugar level, hormone levels, and metabolism. |
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| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| A small part of the hypothalamus just above the optic chiasm that registers changes in light, leading to production of hormones that regulate various bodily functions. |
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Definition
| Repeated difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or waking up too early. |
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| A disorder characterized by a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, usually preceded by a period of difficult breathing accompanied by loud snoring. |
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| Coping focused on changing the environment itself or the wya the person interacts with the environment. |
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Definition
| Coping focused on changing the person's emotional response to the stressor |
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Definition
| The coping strategy that involves purposefully trying not to think about something emotionally arousing or distressing. |
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Definition
| Behavior that is intended to harm another living being who does not wish to be harmed. |
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Definition
| The propensity to misread the intentions of others as negative. |
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Definition
| Drug or alcohol use that causes distress or trouble with functioning in major areas of life, occurs in dangerous sitautions, or leads to legal difficulties. |
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Definition
| Chronic substance abuse that is characterized by seven symptomes, the two most important being tolerance and withdrawl. |
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Definition
| The condition of requiring more of a substance to achieve the same effect (because the usualy amount provides a diminished response). |
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Definition
| The onsent of uncomfortable or life-threatening effects when the use of a substance is stopped. |
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Definition
| A class of substances, including barbituates, alcohol and antianxiety drugs, that depress the central nervous system, decreasing the user's behavioral activity level or awareness; also called sedative-hypnotic drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inhibition of inhibitory neurons, which makes other neurons (the ones that are usually inhibited) more likely to fire and which usually occurs as a result of depressant use. |
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Definition
| An integral response when a behavior is both strongly instigated and inhibited. |
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Definition
| The disproportionate influence of immediate experience on behavior and emotion due tot he effects of alcohol use. |
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| A period of time for which an alcoholic has no memory of events that transpired while he or she was intoxicated. |
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Definition
| A class of substances that excited the central nervous system, leading to increases in behvaioral activity and heightened arousal. |
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Definition
| Cocaine in crystalline form, usually smoked in a pipe (free-basing) or rolled into a cigarette |
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Definition
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Definition
| A class of strongly addictive drugs, such as heroin, that relieve pain. |
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Definition
| A narcotic, such as morphine, derived from the opium poppy. |
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Definition
| A substance that induces hallucinations. |
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Definition
| A hallucination that recurs without the use of a drug. |
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Definition
| The help and support gained through interacting with others. |
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Definition
| The subjective sense that support is available should it be needed |
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Definition
| The specific supportive behaviors provided by others |
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Definition
| A variation of the placebo effect in which the person expects a negative outcome instead of a positive outcome. |
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