Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psychology 111
Fundamentals:Chapter 3
75
Psychology
Not Applicable
09/27/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
sensation
Definition
the awareness of properties of an object or an event that occurs when a type of receptor(such as those at the back of the eye, in the ear, on the skin) is stimulated.
Term
perceptions
Definition
the act of organizing and interpreting sensory input as signaling a particular object or event
Term
psychophysics
Definition
the study of the relation between physical events and the corresponding experience of those events
Term
threshold
Definition
the point at which stimulation is strong enough to be noticed
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
the smallest amount of a stimulus needed in order to detect that the stimulus is present
Term
just-noticeable difference (JND)
Definition
the size of the difference in a stimulus property needed for the observer to notice that a change has occurred
Term
signal detection theory
Definition
a theory explaining why people detect signals independently of bias; the theory is based on the idea that signals are always embedded in noise and thus the challenge is to distinguish signal from noise
Term
sensitivty
Definition
in signal detection theory, the threshold level for distinguishing between a stimulus and noise; the lower the threshold, the greater the sensitivity
Term
bias
Definition
in signal detection theory, a person's willingness to report noticing a stimulus
Term
amplitude
Definition
the height of the peaks in a light wave
Term
frequency
Definition
the number of waves per second that move past a given point
Term
wavelength
Definition
the distance between the arrival of peaks of a light wave (measure in nanometers) shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies.
Term
transduction
Definition
the process whereby physical energy in converted by a sensory neuron into neural impulses
Term
pupil
Definition
the opening of the eye through which light passes
Term
iris
Definition
the circular muscle that adjust the size of the pupil
Term
cornea
Definition
the transparent covering over the eye, which serves partly to focus the light onto the back of the eye
Term
Accomodation
Definition
occurs when the muscles adjust the shape of the lends so that it focuses light on the retina from objects at different distances
Term
retina
Definition
a sheet of tissue at the back of the eye containing celles that convert light to neural impulses
Term
fovea
Definition
the small, central region of the retina with the highest density of cones and the highest resolution
Term
rods
Definition
rod shaped retinal centers that are very sensitive to light but register only shades of gray. (100-120 thousand)
Term
cones
Definition
cone-shaped retinal centers that respond most strongly to one of three wavelengths of light; the combined outputs from cones that are most sensitive to different wavelengths play a key role in producing color vision
Term
optic nerve
Definition
the large bundle of nerve fibers carrying impulses from the retina into the brain.
Term
dark adaptation
Definition
the process whereby exposure to darkness causes the eyes to become more sensitive, allowing for better vision in the dark
Term
trichromatic theory of color vision
Definition
the theory that color arises from the combination of neural impulses from three different kinds of sensors, each of which responds maximally to a different wavelength.
Term
opponent process theory of color vision
Definition
the theory that if a color is present, it causes cells that register it to inhibit the perception of the complementary color (such as red versus green)
Term
afterimage
Definition
the image left behind by a previous perception
Term
opponent cells
Definition
cells that pit the colors in a pair, most notably blue/yellow or red/green against eachother
Term
color blindness
Definition
an inability either acquired(by brain damage) or inherited to perceive certain hues.
Term
figure
Definition
in perception a set of characteristics(such as shape, color, texture) that corresponds to an object
Term
ground
Definition
in perception, the background which must be distinguished in order to pick out figures
Term
gestalt lawas of organization
Definition
proximity: marks that are near one another tend to be grouped together.

continuity: marks that fall along a smooth curve or a straight line tend to be grouped together

similarity: marks that look alike tend to be grouped together

closure: we tend to close any gaps in a figure

good form: marks that form a single shape tend to be grouped together
Term
perceptual constancy
Definition
the perception of characteristics that occurs when an object or quality (such as shape or color) looks the same even thought the sensory information striking the eye changes
Term
size constancy
Definition
seeing an object as being the same siz when viewed at different distances
Term
shape constancy
Definition
seeing objects as having the same shape even when the image on the retina changes
Term
color constancy
Definition
seeing objects as having the same color in different viewing situations
Term
binocular cues
Definition
cues to the distance of an object arise from both eyes working together
Term
convergence
Definition
the degree to which the eyes are crossed when a person fixated on an object
Term
retinal disparity
Definition
the difference between the images striking the retinas of two eyes
Term
monocular static cues
Definition
information that specifies the distance of an object that can be picked up with one eye without movement of the object or eye
Term
texture gradient
Definition
progressive change in texture that signals distance
Term
motion cues
Definition
information that specifies the distance of an object on the basis of its movement
Term
bottom-up processing
Definition
processing that is initiated by stimulus input
Term
top-down processing
Definition
processing that is guided by knowledge, expectation, or belief
Term
perceptual set
Definition
the sum of your assumptions and beliefs that lead you to expect to perceive certain object or characteristics in particular contexts
Term
attention
Definition
the act of focusing on particular information, which allows it to be processed more fully that what is not attended to
Term
selective attention
Definition
the process of picking out a particular quality, oject, or event for relatively detailed analysis
Term
pop-put
Definition
phenomenon that occurs when a stimulus different from the ones around it is immediately evident
Term
repetition blindness
Definition
the inability to see the second occurence of a stimulus that appears teice in succession
Term
attentional blink
Definition
a rebound period in which a person cannot pay attention to one thing after having just paid attention to another
Term
pitch
Definition
how high or low a sound seems; higher frequencies of pressure waves produce the experience of higher pitches
Term
loudness
Definition
the strength of a sound; pressure waves with greater amplitude produce the experience of louder sound
Term
decibel
Definition
a measure of loudness on a base-10 logarithmis scale; the threshold for hearing is set at 0dB
Term
decibel
Definition
a measure of loudness on a base-10 logarithmis scale; the threshold for hearing is set at 0dB
Term
hair cells
Definition
the cells with stiff hairs along the basilar membrane of the inner ear that, when moved, produce nerve impulses that are sent to the brain; these cells are the auditory equivalent of rods and cones
Term
frequency theory
Definition
the theory that higher frequencies produce higher rates of neural firing
Term
place theory
Definition
the theory that different frequencies activate different places along the basilar membrane
Term
nerve deafness
Definition
a type of deafness that typically occurs when the hair cells are destroyed by loud sounds
Term
conduction deafness
Definition
a type of deafness caused by a physical impariament of the external or middle ear.
Term
speech segmentation problem
Definition
the problem of organizing a continuous stream of speech into separate parts that correspond to individual words
Term
categorical perception
Definition
identifying sounds as belonging to distinct categories that correspond to the basic units of speech
Term
cocktail party phenomenon
Definition
the effect of not being aware of other people's conversations until your name is mentioned and then suddenly hearing it.
Term
dichotic listening
Definition
a procedure in which the participants hear stimuli presented separately to the two ears (through headphones) and are instructed to listen only to sounds presented to one ear
Term
chemical senses
Definition
taste and smell, which rely on sensing the presence of specific chemicals
Term
pheromones
Definition
chemicals that function like hormones but are released outside the body (in urine and sweat)
Term
taste buds
Definition
microscopic structures on the bumps of the tongue surface, at the back of the throat, and inside the cheeks; different types of taste buds are sensitive to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes and to glutamate
Term
umami
Definition
the fifth tastes. stimulated by the most abundant amino acid, glutamate.
Term
somasthetic senses
Definition
senses that have to do with perceiving the body and its position in space--specifically kinesthetic sense, vestibular sense, touch, temperature sensitivity, pain sense, and possibly magnetic sense.
Term
kinethetic sense
Definition
the sense that registers the movement and position of the limbs
Term
vestibular sense
Definition
the sense that provides information about the body's orientation relative to gravity.
Term
paradoxical cold
Definition
the sensation of cold that occurs when certain nerves in the skin are stimulated by something hot
Term
double pain
Definition
the sensation that occurs when an injury first causes a sharp pain, and later a dull pain; the two kinds of pain arise from different fibers sending their messages at different speeds.
Term
endorphins
Definition
painkilling chemicals that are produced naturally in the brain.
Term
placebo
Definition
a medically inactive inactive substance that is presented as though it has medicinal effects
Term
Gate control (of pain)
Definition
The top-down inhibition of interneurons that regulate the input of pain signals to the brain.
Term
extrasensory perception
Definition
the ability to perceive and know things without using the ordinary senses
Supporting users have an ad free experience!