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| a cell that receives signals from other neurons or sense organs, processes these signals, and sens the signals to other neurons, muscles, organs,; the basic unit of the nervous system. |
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| responds to input from sense organs |
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| sends signals to muscles to control movement |
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| connected to other neurons not to senses or muscles |
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| a set of neurons that affect one another |
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| central part of a neuron which contains the nucleus |
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| sending end of the neuron. |
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| structure at end of branch of an axon that, when the neuron is triggered, releases chemicals into the sapce between neurons. |
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| treelike part of a neuron that receives messages from the axons of other neurons |
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| the negative charge within a neuron when it is at rest. more sodium(+) ions are outside the neuron than inside. more negative inside. |
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| atom that has a positive or negative charge |
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| shifting change that moves down the axon. |
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| if axon is sufficiently stimulated, it fired, sending the action potential all the way down. |
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| fatty substance that helps impulses travel down the axon more efficiently |
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| where and axon of one neuron can send signals to the membrane of another neuron |
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| gap between the axon of one neuron and the membrane of another, across which communication occurs. |
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| chemical that carries a signal from the terminal button on one neuron to the dendrite or cell body of another. |
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| chemical that alters the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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| neuromodulators released by the receiving neuron that then influence the acitivity of the sending neuron. |
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| a site on a dendrite or cell body where a messenger molecule attaches itself; |
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transmitter at neuromuscular junction; memory; used in autonomic nervous system.
alzheimer's disease(shortage); convulsions, spasms, tremors(excess) |
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motivation, reward, movement, thought, learning,
parkinson's, depression, ADHD, (shortage); agression, schizophrenia(excess) |
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dreaming, attention
depression, fatigue, distractability(shortage); anxiety, headache, schizophrenia(excess) |
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primary inhibitory neurotransmitter regulating mood, slepp
OCD, insomnia, depression (shortage); sleepiness, lack of motivation(excess) |
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inhibits sending neuron
anxiety, panic, epilepsy, Huntington's disease(shortage); sluggishness, lack of motivation (excess) |
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Memory, attention, emotion, movement control, appetite.
Chronic pain(shortage); memory and attention problems, eating disorders, schizophrenia(?)(excess) |
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| surplus neurotransmitter is reabsorbed back into the sending neuron so that the neuron can effectively dire again. |
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| chemical that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter by activating a type of receptor. |
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| a cell that surrounds neurons, influences the communication among neurons, and generally helps in the "care and feedin" of neurons. |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| The autonomic nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system. |
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| Controls the smooth muscles in the body, some glandular functions, and many of the body's self-regulating activities, such as digestion |
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| Sympathetic Nervous system |
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| part of the ANS that responds to emergencies. |
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| Part of ANS that is next to the sympathetic system and that tends to counteract its effects. |
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| Sensory-Somatic nervous system |
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| Part of PNS that consists of neurons in the sensory organs that convey info to the brain as well as neurons tha actually trigger muscles and glands. |
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| consists of nerves that are attached to striated muscles |
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| the flexible rope of nerves that runs inside the backbone or spinal column. |
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| The spinal cord and brain |
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| automatic response to an event |
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| membranes that cover the brain |
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| a left or right half-brain, shaped roughly like half a sphere |
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| the four major parts of each cerebral hemisphere--occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal |
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| large cable of nerve fibers that connects the two halves of the brain. |
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| the convoluted pinkish-gray outer layer of the brain where most mental processes take place |
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| a crease in the cerebral cortex |
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| a bulge between sulci in the cerebral cortex |
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| parts of the brain located under the cerebral cortex |
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| brain lobe at back of the head; concerned entirely with different aspects of vision. |
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the brain lobe under the temples, in front of the ears, where side burns begin to grow down; among the many functions include memory and hearing. e
entering information into memory, storing visual memories, processing sound, and comprehending language. |
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| across top part of the brain behind the ears; involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control. |
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brain area immediately behind the central sulcus, that registers sensation on the body and is organized by body part.
part of parietal lobe. |
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| located behind the forehead; seat of planning, memory search, motor control, and reasoning, |
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| located in front of central sulcus that controls fine movements and is organized by body part; also called primary motor cortex |
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| a person whose corpus callosum has been severed for medical reasons, so that neuronal impulses no longer pass from one hemisphere to another. |
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| the cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and basal ganglia. |
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| subcortical structure that receives inputs from sensory and motor systems and plays a crucial role in attention; often thought of as switching center. |
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| structure that sits under the thalamus and plays a central role in controlling eating and drinking and in regulatin the body's temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate. |
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| a subcortical structure that plays a key role in allowing new information to be stored in brain's memory banks. |
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| plays a special role in fear and other emotions such as anger. |
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| set of brain areas including hippocapus, amygdala, and others, that are involved in fighting, fleeing, sex, and feeding. |
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| subcortical structures that play a role in planning and producing movement. |
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| set of neural structures at the base of brain including the medulla and pons. |
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| the lowest part of lower brainstem plays central role in automatic control of breathing, swallowing, and blood circulation. |
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| collection of small structures in the brainstem, organized into "ascending" part which plays a key role in keeping a person awake and alert; the "descending" part is important in producing autonomic nervous system reactions. |
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| bridge between brainstem and cerbellum that plays a role in functions ranging from sleep to control of facial muscles. |
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| large structure at base of brain that is concerned in part with physical coordination, estimating time, and paying attention. |
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| the medulla, pons, cerebellum, and parts of the reticular formation |
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| brainstem structures that lie between forebrain and hindbrain, including parts of reticular formation |
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| chemical produced by a gland and can act as neuromodulator. |
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| system regulated by the CNS that makes hormones that affect many bodily functions and that also provides the CNS with information |
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| hormone that cause males to develop facial hair and other sex characteristics and to build up muscle volume |
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| hormone that causes breasts to develop and is involved in the menstrual cycle |
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| a hormone produced by the outer later of the adrenal glands that helps the body cope with the extra energy demands of stress by breaking down and converting protein and fat to sugar. |
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| master gland that regulates other glands but itself is controlled by the brain primarily via connection from the hypothalamus |
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| hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal glands, which work together to fight off infection. |
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| region of impaired tissue |
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| source of brain damage that occurs when blood fails to reach part of the brain, causing neurons in that are to die |
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| a machine that records electrical current produced by the brain |
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| electorencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| a recording from the scalp of electrical activity in the brain over time, which produces a tracing of pulses at different frequencies. |
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| Magnetoencephalography(MEG) |
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Definition
| a technique for assessing brain activity that relies on recording magnetic waves from outside the head. |
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| a tiny probe inserted into the brain to record the electrical activity of individual neurons. |
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| brain-scanning techniques that produce a picture of the structure or functioning of neurons. |
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| Computer assisted tomography (CT) |
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| a neuroimaging technique that produces a three dimensional image of brain structures using x-rays. |
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| uses magnetic properties of atoms to take sharp pictures of the structures of the brain. |
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) |
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| A neuroimaging technique that uses small amounts of a radioactive substance to track blood flow or energy consumption in the brain. |
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| Functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) |
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Definition
| type of MRI that usually detects the amount of oxygen being brought to a particualr place in the brain while a task is performed. |
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| Transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Definition
| brain is stimulated from outside the body by putting a wire coil on a person's head and delivering a magnetic pulse. the magnetic fields are so strong that they make neurons under the neuron fire. |
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| transmission of characteristics by individual elements of inheritance(genes)each acting separately |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA |
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Definition
| Molecule that contains genes |
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| stretch of DNA that produces a specific protein |
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| genetic code within an organism |
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| observable structure and behavior of an organism. |
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| the joint action of combinations of genes working together |
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| process whereby certain connections among neurons are eliminated |
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| brain's ability to be molded by experience |
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| occurs when genetically shaped tendencies of parents or siblings produce and environment that is passively recieved by the child. |
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| occurs when genetically influenced characteristics draw out behaviors from other people. |
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| when people choose, partly based on genetic tendencies, to put themselves in specific situations and to avoid others. |
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| the field in which researchers attempt to determine the extent to which the differences among people are due to their genes or to the environment |
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| the degree to which variability in a characteristic is due to genetics |
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| study that compares identical and fraternal twins to determine the relative contribution of genes to variability in a trait or characteristic. |
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| from the same egg and having identical genes |
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| from different eggs and sharing only as many genes as any pair of brothers or sisters. |
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| study in which characteristics of children adopted at births are compared to those of their biological parents or siblings. these studies often focus on comparisons of twins who were raised in the same household and twins raised in different households. |
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| gene-based changes in the characteristics of members of a species over successive generations. |
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| changes in frequency of genes in population that arise because genes allow an organism to have more offspring that survive. |
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| a characteristic that increases an organism's fitness for an environment. |
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