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Psychology 1103 Final
Final exam
100
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/02/2012

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Term
Social Psychology
Definition
how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
Term
Social Cognition
Definition
the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
Term
Person perception
Definition
Refers to the process by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
Term
Stereotype
Definition
a generalization about a groups characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.
Term
Self-fufilling prophecy
Definition
expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true.
Term
Attribution
Definition
The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals.
Term
Attribution Theory
Definition
The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
Observers overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of actors behavior.
Term
False consensus effect
Definition
Observers overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do.
Term
Self-esteem
Definition
The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.
Term
Positive illusions
Definition
Positive views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.
Term
Self- Serving Bias
Definition
The tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures.
Term
Self- Objectification
Definition
The tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others.
Term
Stereotype Threat
Definition
An individual's fast- acting, self-fufilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.
Term
Social Comparison
Definition
The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.
Term
Attitudes
Definition
Our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas.
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
An individuals psychological discomfort caused by two or more inconsistent thoughts. (Festinger)
Term
Effort Justification
Definition
Rationalizing the amount of effort you put into something.
Term
Self- Perception Theory
Definition
Bem's Theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior.
Term
Elaboration likelihood model
Definition
Theory identifying two ways to persuade: A central route and a peripheral route.
Term
Foot-in-the-door
Definition
involves making a small request at the beginning, saving the biggest demand for last.
Term
Door-in-the-face
Definition
Making a big demand in the beginning that will most likely be rejected, and then making smaller more acceptable demand.
Term
Altruism
Definition
Unselfish interest in helping another person.
Term
Egoism
Definition
Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity to gain self esteem, to present oneself as powerful, competent,or caring, or to avoid censure from oneself and others for failing to live up to societies expectations.
Term
Bystander effect
Definition
the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone.
Term
Aggression
Definition
Social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally.
Term
Conformity
Definition
a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.
Term
Asch's Experiment
Definition
3 line experiment, tested conformity. Other participants were confederates, 35% of time participant would conform to a wrong answer said by all of the confederates when it was obvious what the correct answer was.
Term
Informational social influence
Definition
The influence other people have on us because we want to be right.
Term
Normative social influence
Definition
The influence others have on us because we want them to like us.
Term
Obedience
Definition
behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.
Term
Miligram Experiment
Definition
Testing obedience while participant was asked to deliver an electric shock to a confederate in the experiment. (did not know that person was a confederate).
Term
Deindividuation
Definition
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group.
Term
Social Contagion
Definition
imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas.
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
improvement in an individuals performance because of the presence of others.
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
Each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.
Term
Risky Shift
Definition
The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members.
Term
Group Polarization Effect
Definition
The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction.
Term
Groupthink
Definition
The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.
Term
Social identity
Definition
The way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership.
Term
5 Distinct types of social identity.
Definition
Ethnicity and religion
Relationships
Vocations and Avocations
Political affiliation
Stigmatized Identities
Term
Social Identity Theory
Definition
our social identities are a crucial part of our self image and a valuable source of positive feelings about our selves.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups.
Term
Prejudice
Definition
An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.
Term
The mere exposure effect
Definition
The phenomnon that the more we encounter someone or something the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before.
Term
3 Main factors of attraction
Definition
Proximity, acquaintance, and similarity.
Term
Romantic Love
Definition
Also called passionate love, love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominant in the early part of a love relationship.
Term
Affectionate Love
Definition
Also called companionate love, love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person.
Term
Social exchange theory
Definition
The view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs, and maximize benefits.
Term
Investment Model
Definition
A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships.
Term
temporal comparison
Definition
Instead of comparing to others, you compare to your previous self
Term
Upward Social Comparison
Definition
Comparing yourself to someone "better," will involve better looking, more skilled etc.
Term
Downward Social Comparison
Definition
Comaparing yourself to less skilled, less able "worse" people than you
Term
Terror Management Theory
Definition
-Humans have ability to reflect on inescapable death
-May result in overwhelming anxiety/terror
-self esteem reduces anxiety
Term
Self Schemas
Definition
Helps people organize and process information about themselves
(our "image" of ourself)
Term
Schema
Definition
Our mental picture or representation of someone/something
Term
First Impression
Definition
-Based on our schemas of people
-We tend to use ourself as a comparison (she looks my age)
Term
William and Tordorov
Definition
Did the experiment that tested how long it took for people to establish first impressions

No matter the time, peoples first impression didnt change
Term
Kelleys Attribution Theory
Definition
When the observer makes and attribution about the actor, governed by 3 factors:

1. Consensus
2. Consistency
3. Distinctiveness
Term
Consensus
Definition
The degree to which other actors (other people) show the same behavior

High Consensus = High external attribution

Low Consensus= High internal attribution
Term
Consistency
Definition
Degree to which behavior of actor is the same over time and context

High Consistency = Internal Attribution

Low Consistency = External Attribution
Term
Distinctiveness
Definition
Degree to which behavior of actor is specific to this event

High Disntinctiveness = External Attribution

Low Distinctiveness = Internal Attribution
Term
Ultimate Attribution Error
Definition
Positive Outcomes = external attribution

Internal Attribution = internal attribution
Term
Actor-Observer Effect
Definition
Tend to make internal attirbutions about others

Tend to make external attributions about themself
Term
self serving bias
Definition
Internal Atrributions for positive events

External Attributions for negative events
Term
Unrealistic Optimism
Definition
Postive events are more likely to happen to you, while negative events are less likely to happen

EX: high paying job, stocks do well, etc

Leads to Risky Behavior
Term
3 Components of Attitude
Definition
1. Cognition
2. Emotion
3. Behavior
Term
Attitude Formation
Definition
1. Early Learning (explicit teaching)
2. Modeling
3. Mere Exposure Effect
4. Operant conditioning
5. Classical Conditioning
Term
Daryl Bem
Definition
Created the idea of self perception theory
Term
Motivational Theory of Prejudice
Definition
Prejudice may help people feel secure, and fufill a need for antagonism against others.

Helps people "compete" with others and feel better about oneself
Term
Cognitive Theory of Prejudice
Definition
Categories and concepts are how we deal with complex nature of the world

Makes society more clear by categorizing them (making stereotypes)

EX: Concepts contain some generalizations. Like dogs are fast, friendly, fierce
Term
Implicit Prejudice
Definition
Implicit prejudice is prejudice not shown by behavior, rather just someones deep beliefs
Term
Explicit Prejudice
Definition
Explicit prejudice is when one shows their prejudice views openly
Term
Implicit Association Test
Definition
People will respond faster when valence items agree, or "things make sense"

EX: young is positive, good is positive
while old is negative, bad is negative
Term
Jig Saw Technique
Definition
children are split up into diverse groups, where each child shares a workload. this eliminates discrimination with race, ethnicity, etc
Term
Interpersonal Attraction
Definition
The idea of why we choose one person
Term
Proximity
Definition
If given a neutral or better first impression, the more you are exposed to someone the more likely you are to like them
Term
Positive Atmoshere
Definition
When you meet someone in a positive area you are more likely to like them
Term
Reward in Prescence
Definition
if you are rewarded in someone's prescence you tend to like the person better
Term
Simularity
Definition
Tend to like others who are similiar to you
Term
Physical Attractiveness
Definition
If you think someone is hot you're more likely to like them
Term
Sternbergs Love Triangle
Definition
Infatuation (Passion)
Liking (Intimacy)
Empty Love (Commitment)

Romantic Love (passion and intimacy), Fatuous Love (commitment and passion),
Compassionate Love (commitment and intimacy)

Cosumate Love (all three)
Term
Honeymoon is Over effect
Definition
Go from a degree of high satisfaction to a low level, once your back from the honey moon to the real world

Not universal but prevalent
Term
Predicting Marital Satisfaction
Definition
-Personality Traits
-Experiences prior to marriage
-stressful events encountered once married
-emotional and communication skills
Term
Social Norms
Definition
Socially based rules that prescribe how people should behave in vairous situations
Term
Descriptive Norms
Definition
Indicate how people behave in a specific situation
Term
Injunctive Norms
Definition
Directly address accpetable abd unacceptable behavior
Term
social impairment
Definition
others being present decreases performance
Term
compliance
Definition
changing ones behavior as a result of a request
Term
4 factors that influence conformity
Definition
1. ambiguity of situation
2. unamity and size of majority
3. minority influence
4. gender
Term
Low Ball Approach
Definition
Getting a target to agree to a lower price, and then at the last minute increase the price due to faulty
Term
3 factors that effect obedience
Definition
1. status of experimenter
2. behavior of others around you
3. own personality
Term
Personality traits of a good leader
Definition
-agreeableness
-emotional stability
-extraversion
-conscientiousness
Term
Types of Leaders
Definition
1. Task motivated
2. Relationship motivated
3. Transactional
4. Transformational (Charismatic)
Term
Task Motivated
Definition
-close supervision
-gives directives
-limit discussion w/ group members
-tend to be not well liked, but things get done

not much debate, just do it!
Term
Relationship Motivated
Definition
-loose supervision
-solicit ideas from members (take ideas from members)
-concerned with group member feeling
-typically well like and effective
Term
Transactional
Definition
-exchanges work for rewards
-rewards good behavior and corrects poor behavior

EX: if you want more playing time produce on the field
Term
Transformational (Charismatic)
Definition
-create vision of goals of the group
-inspires rather than rewards/punishes

EX: WE CAN CHANGE THE WORLD, by creating knowledge

-it creates self motivation
Term
Audra
Definition
definition cannot be contained in one flashcard

see: "pug"
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