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| how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. |
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| the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information. |
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| Refers to the process by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others. |
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| a generalization about a groups characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another. |
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| expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true. |
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| The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals. |
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| The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| Observers overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of actors behavior. |
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| Observers overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do. |
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| The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves. |
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| Positive views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality. |
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| The tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures. |
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| The tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others. |
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| An individual's fast- acting, self-fufilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group. |
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| The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people. |
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| Our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas. |
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| An individuals psychological discomfort caused by two or more inconsistent thoughts. (Festinger) |
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| Rationalizing the amount of effort you put into something. |
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| Bem's Theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior. |
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| Elaboration likelihood model |
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| Theory identifying two ways to persuade: A central route and a peripheral route. |
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| involves making a small request at the beginning, saving the biggest demand for last. |
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| Making a big demand in the beginning that will most likely be rejected, and then making smaller more acceptable demand. |
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| Unselfish interest in helping another person. |
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| Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity to gain self esteem, to present oneself as powerful, competent,or caring, or to avoid censure from oneself and others for failing to live up to societies expectations. |
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| the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone. |
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| Social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally. |
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| a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard. |
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| 3 line experiment, tested conformity. Other participants were confederates, 35% of time participant would conform to a wrong answer said by all of the confederates when it was obvious what the correct answer was. |
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| Informational social influence |
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| The influence other people have on us because we want to be right. |
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| Normative social influence |
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| The influence others have on us because we want them to like us. |
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| behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority. |
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| Testing obedience while participant was asked to deliver an electric shock to a confederate in the experiment. (did not know that person was a confederate). |
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| The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group. |
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| imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas. |
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| improvement in an individuals performance because of the presence of others. |
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| Each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort. |
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| The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members. |
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| Group Polarization Effect |
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| The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction. |
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| The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony. |
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| The way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership. |
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| 5 Distinct types of social identity. |
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Ethnicity and religion
Relationships
Vocations and Avocations
Political affiliation
Stigmatized Identities |
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| our social identities are a crucial part of our self image and a valuable source of positive feelings about our selves. |
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| The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups. |
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| An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group. |
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| An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group. |
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| The phenomnon that the more we encounter someone or something the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before. |
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| 3 Main factors of attraction |
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| Proximity, acquaintance, and similarity. |
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| Also called passionate love, love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominant in the early part of a love relationship. |
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| Also called companionate love, love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person. |
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| The view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs, and maximize benefits. |
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| A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships. |
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| Instead of comparing to others, you compare to your previous self |
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| Comparing yourself to someone "better," will involve better looking, more skilled etc. |
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| Downward Social Comparison |
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| Comaparing yourself to less skilled, less able "worse" people than you |
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-Humans have ability to reflect on inescapable death
-May result in overwhelming anxiety/terror
-self esteem reduces anxiety |
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Helps people organize and process information about themselves
(our "image" of ourself) |
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| Our mental picture or representation of someone/something |
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-Based on our schemas of people
-We tend to use ourself as a comparison (she looks my age) |
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Did the experiment that tested how long it took for people to establish first impressions
No matter the time, peoples first impression didnt change |
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| Kelleys Attribution Theory |
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When the observer makes and attribution about the actor, governed by 3 factors:
1. Consensus
2. Consistency
3. Distinctiveness |
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The degree to which other actors (other people) show the same behavior
High Consensus = High external attribution
Low Consensus= High internal attribution |
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Degree to which behavior of actor is the same over time and context
High Consistency = Internal Attribution
Low Consistency = External Attribution |
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Degree to which behavior of actor is specific to this event
High Disntinctiveness = External Attribution
Low Distinctiveness = Internal Attribution |
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| Ultimate Attribution Error |
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Positive Outcomes = external attribution
Internal Attribution = internal attribution |
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Tend to make internal attirbutions about others
Tend to make external attributions about themself |
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Internal Atrributions for positive events
External Attributions for negative events |
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Postive events are more likely to happen to you, while negative events are less likely to happen
EX: high paying job, stocks do well, etc
Leads to Risky Behavior |
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1. Cognition
2. Emotion
3. Behavior |
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1. Early Learning (explicit teaching)
2. Modeling
3. Mere Exposure Effect
4. Operant conditioning
5. Classical Conditioning |
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| Created the idea of self perception theory |
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| Motivational Theory of Prejudice |
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Prejudice may help people feel secure, and fufill a need for antagonism against others.
Helps people "compete" with others and feel better about oneself |
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| Cognitive Theory of Prejudice |
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Categories and concepts are how we deal with complex nature of the world
Makes society more clear by categorizing them (making stereotypes)
EX: Concepts contain some generalizations. Like dogs are fast, friendly, fierce |
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| Implicit prejudice is prejudice not shown by behavior, rather just someones deep beliefs |
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| Explicit prejudice is when one shows their prejudice views openly |
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| Implicit Association Test |
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People will respond faster when valence items agree, or "things make sense"
EX: young is positive, good is positive
while old is negative, bad is negative |
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| children are split up into diverse groups, where each child shares a workload. this eliminates discrimination with race, ethnicity, etc |
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| The idea of why we choose one person |
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| If given a neutral or better first impression, the more you are exposed to someone the more likely you are to like them |
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| When you meet someone in a positive area you are more likely to like them |
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| if you are rewarded in someone's prescence you tend to like the person better |
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| Tend to like others who are similiar to you |
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| If you think someone is hot you're more likely to like them |
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Infatuation (Passion)
Liking (Intimacy)
Empty Love (Commitment)
Romantic Love (passion and intimacy), Fatuous Love (commitment and passion),
Compassionate Love (commitment and intimacy)
Cosumate Love (all three) |
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Go from a degree of high satisfaction to a low level, once your back from the honey moon to the real world
Not universal but prevalent |
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| Predicting Marital Satisfaction |
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-Personality Traits
-Experiences prior to marriage
-stressful events encountered once married
-emotional and communication skills |
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| Socially based rules that prescribe how people should behave in vairous situations |
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| Indicate how people behave in a specific situation |
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| Directly address accpetable abd unacceptable behavior |
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| others being present decreases performance |
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| changing ones behavior as a result of a request |
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| 4 factors that influence conformity |
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1. ambiguity of situation
2. unamity and size of majority
3. minority influence
4. gender |
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| Getting a target to agree to a lower price, and then at the last minute increase the price due to faulty |
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| 3 factors that effect obedience |
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1. status of experimenter
2. behavior of others around you
3. own personality |
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| Personality traits of a good leader |
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-agreeableness
-emotional stability
-extraversion
-conscientiousness |
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1. Task motivated
2. Relationship motivated
3. Transactional
4. Transformational (Charismatic) |
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-close supervision
-gives directives
-limit discussion w/ group members
-tend to be not well liked, but things get done
not much debate, just do it! |
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-loose supervision
-solicit ideas from members (take ideas from members)
-concerned with group member feeling
-typically well like and effective |
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-exchanges work for rewards
-rewards good behavior and corrects poor behavior
EX: if you want more playing time produce on the field |
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| Transformational (Charismatic) |
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-create vision of goals of the group
-inspires rather than rewards/punishes
EX: WE CAN CHANGE THE WORLD, by creating knowledge
-it creates self motivation |
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definition cannot be contained in one flashcard
see: "pug" |
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