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Definition
| A theory that states memory is broken up into long term and short term memory and that it can be transferred from short term to long term. |
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| Duration of Short Term Memory |
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Definition
| Information can be remembered for seconds to minuets. |
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| Duration of Long Term Memory |
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Definition
| Information can be remembered almost forever. |
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| Storage Capacity of Short Term Memory |
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Definition
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| Storage Capacity of Long Term Memory |
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Definition
| Memory capacity is relativity infinite. |
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| Organized packets of "memory" or information. |
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Definition
| Stimulus -> STM -> Rehearsal -> LTM |
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Definition
| A type of rehearsal that keeps the information in the Short Term Memory. |
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Definition
A type of rehearsal that moves information from STM to LTM.
Memorizing -> Understanding |
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Definition
| Tendency to remember the first and last words in a list. |
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Definition
| 1st word in a list is easiest to recall. |
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Definition
| Last word in a list is easiest to recall. |
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Definition
The STM is based off of speech sounds.
- Confuse "Boat" and "Coat". |
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Definition
| The LTM is based off of meanings. - Confuse "Ship" and "Boat". |
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Definition
| The Neural code for STM is dynamic, its based of the pattern of activity among a group of cells. |
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Definition
| The neural code of LTM is based on the patterns of connections within a group of cells. |
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Definition
| The process when a memory trace changes from dynamic to structural. |
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Definition
| Loss of memory that occurs as a result of physical or psychological trauma. |
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Definition
| Loss of memory that occurred before the trauma occurred. |
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Definition
Inability to form new memories from the time after the trauma.
- Boxer gets hit in the face, he cannot form memories that occurred after the punch. |
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Definition
| Forgetting information stored in the STM. |
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| Misplacement/Retrieval Failure |
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Definition
| Forgetting information that is stored in the LTM. |
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Definition
| Old information affects the formation of new memories. |
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Definition
| New information affects the recall of old information. |
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Definition
An event with a specific time and place.
- I saw an elephant at the zoo on June 1st. |
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Definition
| Facts, concepts and meanings whose origin and or location is unknown. |
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Term
| Craik and Tulving's Depth of Processing |
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Definition
| The deeper an item is processed, the easier it is to recall. |
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Definition
| Memory retrieval in which there is an awareness of remembering at the time of retrieval. |
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Definition
| Drawing information from memory in response to a cue or question. |
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Definition
| Presented with a name or face and ask if you have encountered it before. |
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Definition
| Memory retrieval in which there is no awareness of remembering at the time of retrieval. |
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Definition
| Phenomenon wherein giving a participant advance knowledge about or exposure to a stimulus can increase the ease of recall or recognition. |
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Definition
| The part of long-term memory where factual information is stored, such as mathematical formulas, vocabulary, and life events. |
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Definition
Knowing how to do things such as riding a bike, tying a shoe lace.
- Skills |
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Term
| Encoding Specificity principal |
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Definition
| The principal that the environment cues present at the time information is encoded into long-term memory serve as the best retrieval cues fro the information. |
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Definition
A stimulus that aids in retrieval of a memory.
- Should be as much like the context during encoding.
- Figure, data, table, diagram, etc.
Furniture would not be a good cue to use. |
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Term
| Johannas Muller's Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies |
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Definition
Quality of sensation (visual, auditory, toucn,ect) depends on which nerve fibers are stimulated- not on the stimulus itself.
• Fibers of optic nerve are normally stimulated by light
• May also be stimulated by pressure, electric current, and so on.
• Any stimulation will yield experience of light
• Any sensory experience must have corresponding set of nerve fibers: experiences of brightness, color, loudness, pitch, ect. |
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Term
| Loftus and Palmer Experiment on Retrieval. |
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Definition
At least in part, memory involves reconstruction of remembered information.
- Memory can be distorted with other information. |
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Definition
| A form of electromagnetic radiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gamma, X-Ray, UV, *Color*, Infrared, Microwave, Radar, FM, TV, AM |
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| Wave Lengths of Visible Light |
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Definition
Short - Blue
Medium - Green
Long - Red |
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| Young-Helmholtz's Trichromatic Theory |
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Definition
| All visible colors are mixtures of blue, green and red and are based on responses to the cone types. |
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Term
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Definition
Hering's theory that color perception is based on three systems of color opposites blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white
Short wavelength- 440nm
Medium Wavelength- 530nm
Long Wavelength- 560nm |
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Term
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Definition
| The retina constists of receptors (Cones/Rods), bipolar cells, gaglion cells and others. |
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Definition
| Bundle of axons of gaglion cells leading out the back of the eye to brain. Forms blind spot. |
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Definition
Central depression in retina where cones are most densely packed.
- Most acute vision. |
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Definition
Very sensitive cells, responsible for detecting black/white lights.
- Night vision
- 2 types |
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Definition
Less sensitive than rod cells, responsible for color and day time vision.
- 3 types
- Located in the Fovea |
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Definition
| Basic, primitive mental state corresponding to energies in the the environment; experiences of the world. |
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Definition
| Mental state corresponding to properties of objects and events in environment; knowledge of world. |
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Definition
| An object in the real world. |
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Definition
| The retinal image of the distal stimulus. |
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Term
| Issues with Retinal Images |
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Definition
Inverted Image
Ambiguous - "Size distance trade off
Two Dimensional - Image is flat and curved.
*Perception takes place in the brain! |
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Definition
| The portion of Generic Memory that contains the meanings and concepts. |
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Definition
In network-based models of mental representation, connections between the symbols (or nodes) in the network.
- Civil war makes us think of Abe Lincoln. |
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Definition
Theory that related items are easier to process than unrelated items.
- Nurse - Doctor is easier to recognize than Nurse - Apple. |
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Definition
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
- Ability to tell the differences between two candles.
- The amount is proportional. |
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Definition
| The reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons. |
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Definition
The increase or decrease in an object's apparent brightness by comparison to objects around it.
- Grey looks brighter on a black background than a white background. |
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Definition
| A tendency to see light and dark bars near the borders between light and dark areas. (Lighter when bordering a darker color and darker when bordering a lighter color) |
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Definition
| A man who suffered from sever epilepsy, neurosurgeons bilaterally removwed 2/3 if his hippocampusm which is important in many learning and memory tasks. he had severe anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia. He retained intact working memory but was unable to learn new things. |
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Definition
| Came up with the trichromatic theory. |
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Definition
| Studied cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony. |
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Definition
| The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. Perception happens in the brain! |
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Term
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Definition
| A process postulated by Hermann von Helmholtz to explain certain perceptual phenomena such as size constancy. For example, an object is perceived to be at a certain distance and this is unconsciously taken into account in assessing its retinal image size, with the result that size constancy is maintained. See also size constancy. |
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Definition
| How much extra stimulus is needed to recognize a difference. |
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Definition
| How strong a stimulus must be to notice it outright. |
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Term
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Definition
| A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
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