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The philosophy that takes a perspectice suggesting the mind and the brain are the same is:
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| During the generation of an action potential, when the axon;s membrane is impermeable to sodium, it is: |
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| In the absolute refractory period |
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| What is TRUE regarding the frequency or rate (e.g. number of action potentials per second) that action potentials can be generated in a neuron? |
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| Vesicles release neurotransmitters into the ______ when ______. |
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| Synaptic cleft; the action potential causes membrane depolarization and calcium enters the axon terminal |
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| Scientists have learned much about the brain’s involvement in speech comprehension and production by studying people with damage to their |
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| Axonal conduction requires a ____ change in Resting Membrane Potential that reaches ____ in order to initiate an action potential. |
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| Of the following, which is most likely to result in a subthreshold depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron: |
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Definition
The presynaptic neuron exploding
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| A chemical that activates a receptor and mimics the action of a neurotransmitter is called |
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Definition
| for guiding the location of neurectoderm |
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| An off-center receptive field |
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Definition
| Describes the organization of inputs due to lateral inhibition |
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| The three major “streams” of visual processing in the cerebral cortex are |
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Definition
Color, visual disparity, motion
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| You record the responses of neurons in primary visual cortex to various visual stimuli from a recording electrode in a column perpendicular to the cortical surface. Which of the following would not occur: |
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| During development many neurons must migrate to their correct locations and then extend an axon to their correct target(s). Both of these processes: |
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| The observation that different sound frequencies cause activation of hair cells on different parts of the basilar membrane is called: |
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| Taste information from the tongue and mouth is directly sent to the ____ in the medulla |
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| Nucleus of the tractum solitarius |
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Term
| The three primary categories of mechanosensation are: |
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Definition
| Somatosensation, proprocetion, vestibular sensation |
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There is a direct relation between increasing the number of muscle fibers activated and:
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Definition
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Increased amplitude of motor neuron action potentials
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| Cells in the primary motor cotex have direct projections to |
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Definition
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| Population of neurons in motor cortex: |
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| re better tuned for direction of motion than single motor cortical neurons |
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| Different populations of neurons in the basal forebrain either promote sleep or promote arousal (wakefulness). These two populations of neurons use different neurotransmitters: the first uses ____ and the second uses ____. |
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| Sex hormone levels affect which of the following behaviors: |
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| The major source of the sex hormones are the |
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| Dopamine released by the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
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| For terrestrial creatures, light is the most important circadian zeitgeber. Thus, light: |
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Definition
| Sets the circadian period to 24 hours |
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| Early in development, you transplant the supraciasmatic nucleus (SCN) from a strain of rat that has a unusually short circadian period (10 hours) into a normal rat. After the rat grows up, you determine that its circadian rhythm: |
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| As you stay awake longer, the concentration of adenosine in your brain increases. Adenosine is an example of a substance involved in the ____ control of sleep. |
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Definition
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| The processes that keep various “body variables” within a fixed range are referred to as: |
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| The two major hormones involved in directly regulating blood glucouse levels are: |
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| Electrical or chemical stimiation of the ___ leads to the initiation of feeding behaviors |
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| In ____ thirst there is a higher concentration of solutes dissolved in the blood, in ____ thirst there is a loss of blood volume. |
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| The organizing (masculinizing) effects of testosterone in the CNS are directly mediated by the conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase. However, developing females also have high levels of circulating estradiol. Why doesn’t the estradiol in the developing female cause masculinization of the female fetus? |
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Definition
| Estradiol is bound to and inactivated by alpha-fetoprotein |
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Term
| The James-Lange Theory of Emotion suggest that emotions |
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Definition
| Originate in the sub-cortex |
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| Emotional reactivity follows a pattern of activation and deactivation of the ANS. The activating component is the ____ while the component responsible for deactivation is the ____. |
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Definition
| Sympathetic/metabolizing system; parasympathetic/catabolizing system |
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Term
| The locus of output for the Potentiated Startle Response is the: |
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Definition
| Central nucleus of the amygdale |
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| The primary neurotransmitter associated with reinforcement and reward is: |
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Definition
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| The Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion suggests that emotions arise: |
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Definition
| From cognitive processes that interpret arousal in regards to context |
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| Anxigenic effects are observed in response to _____ activity while anxiolytic effects are observed due to _____ activity. |
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Definition
| Increased CCK; increased GABA |
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| The lecture on emotion was: |
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| Memory for facts and events is termed ___ memory, while memory for skills and habits is termed ___ memory |
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Definition
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| A general geature of the consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory is: |
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Definition
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| Lashley experimentally lesioned increasing amounts of the cerebral cortex of rats. His intent was to disrupt maze learning. However, he discovered that no specific lesion of the cerebral cortex caused a specific inability to learn the task. LAshley concluded that learning and memory was distributed across various regions of the cortex, rather than occurring at a specific part of the cortex. Given our present knowledge, what is one problem with this conclusion. |
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Definition
| Specific types of learning occur in subcortical structures |
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Term
| _____ amnesia refers to an inability to remember things that were learned before the amnesia-causing incident, ____ amnesia refers to an inability to form new memories after the incident |
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Definition
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| In fear conditioning, a neutral stimulus such as a tone, is paired with an aversive stimulus such as a mild shock. Eventually the tone becomes a fear-inducing stimulus. Lesions of the ____ block this fear conditioning. |
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| Your faithful (but not very bright) lab assistant, Igor, lesions a specific part of a rat’s brain. He then loses his lab notes and cannot remember where the lesion was!! After the rats recover, you attempt to train the rat on two tasks: 1) a radial arm maze (spatial learning), and 2) fear conditioning to an auditory stimulus. The rat is unable to learn the radial arm maze task, but does become fearful of the tone stimulus. Furthermore, you note that the rat is not afraid of the training box (the context) where fear training occurred. “Eureka!”, you cry, “the lesion is in the ___!” |
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Definition
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| In the hippocampus, you can record electrical activity of neurons. Some of the neurons will fire action potentials specifically: |
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Definition
| When the animal is in a particular location in space |
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Term
| In the sea slug, Aplysia Californica, short-term sensitization of the gill withdrawal reflex is associated with: |
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Definition
| A decrease in neurotransmitter release at sensory to motor synapses |
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| “If cell A repeatedly or persistently takes part in the firing of cell B, then the ability of cell A to excited cell B will be increased” summarizes |
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Definition
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| Long-term potentiation is a biological example of: |
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Definition
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| Many forms of long-term potentiation require ______ for its induction, but not its maintenance |
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Definition
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| Which of the following provide(s) evidence that long-term potentiation (LTP) is actually involved in learning and memory? |
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Definition
| LTP can be induced in the hippocampus |
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Term
| Damage to the left cortical hemisphere is likely to cause an impairment in: |
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Definition
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| In a split brain patient, you present a picture of an object in the left visual field. The patient: |
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Definition
| Can point at the object with the left hand |
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| One structure in the human brain that is generally significantly larger in the left hemisphere is the: |
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Definition
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| Which of the following is true? |
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Definition
| There are similarities between the structure of non-human communication and human language |
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| When humans perform a task in which they are shown pictures of objects classified in different categories (e.g. pictures of animals, picture fruits) and must verbally name the object presented: |
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Definition
| The right hemisphere is more active then the left |
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Term
| Neuroleptic drugs are usually most effective in treating ____ symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
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| For both depression and schizophrenia, drug treatment must occur for days to weeks before alleviation of symptoms occurs. However, changes in the levels of neurotransmitter systems affected by the drugs occur in hours. What is the possible explanation for the discrepancy? |
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Definition
| The drugs take a very long time to reach effective concentrations in all relevant parts of the brain |
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| Damage to the ___ is strongly associated with unipolar with unipolar depression |
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Definition
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| The general antidepressant drugs increase the levels of: |
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Definition
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| Disruptions in the 3 neurotransmitter systems are currently hyopothesized to underlie schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Dopamine, serotonin, glutamate |
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