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Why does the fovea provide the clearest most detailed visual information?
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Definition
receptors are tightly packed there
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| The direct flow of neural information through the retina is |
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Definition
| rods, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, cones |
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Term
The fact that there are 3 types of cones in the retina that respond best to different wavelengths of light provides support for
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| the trichromatic theory of color vision |
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Term
| An on-center receptive field |
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Definition
| is formed by lateral inhibition |
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| A simple cell receptive field in the visual cortex |
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Definition
| could arise from the summation of inputs from neurons with overlapping on center receptive fields in the lateral geniculate nucleus |
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| The three major “streams” of visual processing in the cerebral cortex are: |
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Definition
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| if you record the responses of neurons in a column perpendicular to the cortical surface in the primary visual cortex, you would find that |
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Definition
neurons have similar orientation preferences
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| In an experiment you perform surgery on an animal at birth to close the animal’s left eye, and then open it when the animal is an adult. What would you expect to observe when recording the primary visual cortex (VI)? |
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Definition
| very few neurons in visual cortex would respond to the left eye |
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Term
| In an experiment you perform surgery on an animal at birth to close both eyes for an equal length time. You then open the eyes so you can examine the responses of neurons in primary visual cortex (VI). You would observe: |
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Definition
| an approximately equal number of neurons would respond to each eye |
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| The observation that the properties (such as ocular dominance or orientation selectivity) of neurons are much more able to change in response to changes in input activity in a very young animal, as oppose to an adult animal is a manifestation of |
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Definition
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| In the lateral geniculate nucleus, the projection of the _______ cells is segregated from the projection of the ________ cells |
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Definition
| magnocellular, parvocellular |
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Term
| A major way that sounds are localized is by differences in the time of arrival of sound to the two ears (interaural time difference.) This presents a problem: sounds that are directly in front of the head and those directly behind have the same interaural time differences, and thus would be perceived as being in the same location. How can the auditory system resolve this ambiguity? |
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Definition
| the pinna affects sounds from the front and back differently |
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Term
| Complete destruction of which of the following could cause blindness: |
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Definition
| all of the above ( primary visual cortex, the retina, the optic nerve, the lateral geniculate nucleus) |
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Term
There is a somatotopic representation (ie and orderly map of somatosensory information) in the following structures: |
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| A major neurotransmitter substance responsible for transmission of buring pain sensation in the spinal cord is |
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| While chopping vegetables, you are distracted and accidentally chop off you left middle finger; unfortunately, it falls out the window and cannot be recovered. Overtime, stimulation of both your left index and ring fingers lead to sensation of touch on the “phantom” finger. What do you hypothesize has happened? |
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Definition
| the areas of cortex responding to your intact fingers have expanded into the region that used to respond to the amputated finger |
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| The observation that amount of pain (either more pain or less pain) that you feel is dependent on other non-pain stimuli is called |
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Definition
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| Two sensory systems that use specialized hair cells to transform mechanical energy into electrical potentials for sensation and perception are: |
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| The observation that specific sound frequencies cause activation of hair cells on specific parts of the basilar membrane is called: |
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Definition
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| Different sound frequencies activate corresponding regions of auditory cortex such that the cortex responds best to low frequencies in one region and to progressively higher frequencies as you move along the cortex. This is an example of: |
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Definition
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| The middle ear bones (ie malleus, incus, stapes) serve |
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Definition
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| in order to localized sounds in space, your brain compares three types of information between the two ears. The are: |
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Definition
| time of arrival, loudness, phase |
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Term
| Taste information from the tongue and mouth is directly sent to the ____ in the medulla |
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Definition
| nucleus of the tractus solitarious |
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| Taste information has very strong effects on various ingestive behaviors, such as swallowing and salivation. This is primarily due to |
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Definition
| connections from the taste centers to central pattern generators in the medulla |
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Term
| The mammalian olfactory system is different from other mammalian sensory systems, such as vision of audition, because |
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Definition
| it has many hundreds or thousands of receptor subtypes |
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Term
| Different patterns of olfactory glomeruli are activated by different odors, and example of |
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Definition
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| An aardvark uses its tongue as a tactile organ to probe for and capture its prey (mostly ants.) You would expect that the representation of the tongue (ie the area of cortex that responds to tongue stimulation) in aardvark primary somatosensory cortex would generally be |
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Definition
| large compared to other areas |
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Term
| The three primary categories of mechanosensation are |
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Definition
| somatosensation, proprioception, vestibular sensation |
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| You are assessing a patient who has had a stroke (ie damage to the brain. The patient is able to perform most movements normally, but has difficulty with fine motor control of his right hand, the most likely site of the damage is: |
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| The system that senses the position of your joints and tension in your muscles and tendons is called |
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Definition
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| A movement that is not subject to correction by sensory feedback is called a(n) |
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Definition
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| Muscule contraction is directly triggered by intrafiber ______ release |
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Definition
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| The neurotransmitter at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction is |
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Definition
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| One way that the force of muscle contraction can be increase is |
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Definition
| by increasing the number of muscle fibers activated |
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Term
| the scratch reflex in most animals occurs at a fixed frequency and has a fixed, rhythmic pattern of movements; the generation of this reflex is an example of: |
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Definition
| a central pattern generator |
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Term
| The main output neurons in the cerebellar cortex are inhibitory and called the |
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Definition
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| Parkinson’s disease is caused primarily by the loss of _____ containing cells in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. |
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Definition
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| Cells in the primary motor cortex have direct projections to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Single neurons in motor cortex: |
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Definition
| are less well tuned for direction of motion than population of motor cortical neurons |
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| One likely role of the basal ganglia is: |
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Definition
| to inhibit unwanted movements |
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