Term
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Definition
Human Language
-Open-Free to change
-Symbolic- When we say a word it represents something
-Syntax & grammar- Verb has to agree with the subject
Abstract Ideas
-Allows us to talk about things like infinity
-Allows us to talk about the past or future |
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Term
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Definition
· Early ancestors had protolanguage
· Language is between 150,000-200,000 old
· Frontal lobes and working memory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o Each individual sound
o “uh” “puh” “sh” |
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Term
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Definition
o Smallest unit with meaning
o “Un” “ing” |
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Term
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Definition
Complete words that have a full meaning
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Term
| Language Development Stages |
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Definition
Cooing (stage one)
Babbling (stage two)
One-Word Utterances (stage three)
Two-Word Utterances (stage four)
Sentence Phrase (stage five) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o Experimenting with phonemes (pruning)
o Consonants and vowels
o 5-6 months |
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Term
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Definition
o 1 year old
o Recency Effect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o 2.5-3 years of age
o Not always correct grammar |
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Term
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Definition
· Optimal time for learning language
· 0-12 years of age
· Neglect leads to permanent problems in language development
· The case of Genie |
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Term
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Definition
· Speech imitation
· Figure out meaning from context
· Child-directed speech
o Seems universal
o Higher pitch
o Simple sentences
o Use of emotion |
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Term
Conditioning/Behaviorism
(Skinner) |
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Definition
o Reinforcement/shaping
o Reinforce coos/ babbles that sound closest to real words
o Later reinforce correct grammar and syntax |
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Term
Nativist Theory
(Noam Chomsky) |
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Definition
o Discover language-it is innate in all humans
o Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
o Principles- universal
o Parameters- change culturally |
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Term
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Definition
Things found in every culture
-Verb, Subject, *** |
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Term
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Definition
o Can carry out verbal commands- 2.5 years old level
o Comprehends 3000 words |
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Term
Washoe and Loulis
(Chimps) |
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Definition
o Chimp-taught sign language
o Talked to each other
88% social interaction, plat, reassurance
12% feeding, grooming, discipline, self-signing |
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Term
| Limitations of Animal Language |
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Definition
· Anatomical Limitations
o See figure 9.4
· Adult apes have a vocab of 100-300 words
· Average high school student has a vocab of 60,000 words
· Lack of grammer
No order to the grammar |
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Term
Language and Culture
Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis |
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Definition
o Language shapes our thoughts
o Linguistic determinism hypothesis |
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Term
Language and Culture
(Piraha) |
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Definition
o No words for past/ future tense
o Do not embed clauses |
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Term
Language and Culture
(Lingustic Relativism) |
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Definition
o Language influences thought
o Shades of blue
-English speaking person very slow to name all shades of blue
-Russians speaking person are quicker to name all shades of blue
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