-0.89 is a strong negative correlation, -0.25 is a weak negative correlation

+0.89 is a strong positive correlation,

+0.25 is a weak positive correlation

0.0 show NO correlation

Abraham Maslow

(Humanist)

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy: self-actualization

An experiment to test the effects of alcohol on memory, the experimenter gives vodka in orange juice to one group of subjects and orange juice with no vodka to the other group. She then measures the memory skills of both groups by means of a memory test.

In this study,

                 1. the independent variable would be:

                 2. the control goup would be:

                 3. the dependent variable is:

In this study,

1. the independent variable would be:

           The presence or absence of vodka in the oj

2. the control goup would be:

           The oj without vodka group

3. the dependent variable is:

           Scores on the memory test

Anal expulsive personality: a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive & hostile.

The anal psychosexual stage is the 2nd stage occurring from about 1-3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone & toilet training is the source of conflict: Ego develops

Bandura's theory is the concept of

self-efficiency: believed

3 factors were important.

              1. The environment

                  2. The behavior itself

                  3. Ersonal and cognitive experience

                      from earlier experiences

Each affects the other two in a reciprocal way

Behaviorism (learning theory)

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only, must be

directly seen and measured

Behavioristic perspective

(including social cognitive)

Behavioristic perspective

(including social cognitive)

Based on the theories of learning this approach focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior

Being short with or yelling at your family after a stressful day at work, is an example of what defense mechanism?

        a. rationalization        b. projection

        c. displacement          d. denial

Carl Rogers (humanist) importance of self-concept/unconditional positive regard

Developed client centered therapy

Reciprocal Determinism

Self-Efficacy

Compensation (substitution)

is trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some other areas.

Small penis, rich and successful

Confounding variable

variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest

Conscience,

part of the Super Ego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the Ego Ideal

Conscious Mind

level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings & persceptions

Correlation

measures of two variable go into a mathematical equation and produce a correlation coefficient (r)

which represents two things.

-the direction of the relationship

-the strength of the relationship

Knowing the value of one allows the

predicted value of the other

ranges from +1.00 to -1.00

Denial

is the refusal to recognize or

acknowledge a threatening situation

Dependant Variable

in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior or the subjects in the experiment (outcome)

Displacement

is expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real taget onto a less threatening substitue target

like yelling at spouse or kids

instead of butthead boss

Double Blind Study

Neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental or control group

(reduces placebo effect &

experimenter effect)

Edward Titchener

(student of Wundt)

Edward Titchener (student of Wundt) proposed structuralism' the task of psychologists is to analyze

consciousness into its basic elements (senstaion, perception, vision, hearing).

Ego

Part of the personality that develops out of the need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational and logical

Ego ideal,

part of the Super Ego that contains the standards for moral behavior

Oedipus complex is a situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposit-sex parent & jealousy of the same-sex parent

Elektra complex:

when the femal is jelous of here mother

Experiment

a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes

in behavior result, allowing the determination ofcause-and-effect relationships

Experimenter effect

tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study

Genital psychosexual stage:

is the stage sexual feelings awaken with appropriate targets

Gestalt, Began with Wertheimer, who studied sensation and perception. People naturally seek out whole patterns, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, now part of the study of cognitive psychology, a field focusing

not only on perception but also on learning, memory,

thought processes, and problem-solving

Humanistic perspective

First arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives and focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choice in personality development

Humanistic theory by Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers

the "third force" psychology that focuses on the aspects of personality that make people uniquely human.

Ie, subjective feelings, freedom of choice.

It was developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism

Humanistic theory

7 parts

Self-actualizing tendency: striving to fulfill innate capacities/capabilityies

Self-concept:  image one develops from interactions w/import people in their life

Real self: whom one is

Ideal self: whom one feels they should be

Positiive regard: warmth, affection, love & respect from others in one's life

Unconditional positive regard: w/o conditions/strings 

Conditional positive regard: with conditions/string

Humanistic, emphasis on personal growth and creativitiy

-Humanists held the view that people have free will: the freedom to choose their own destiny

-Emphasized the need for unconditional self-regard

-Emphasized human potential, being the best person you can be

-Self-actualization: achieving on's full potential

Id

Part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious

Independent variable

Independent variable (IV)

in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter

Behaviorists: Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning - demonstrated that dogs could

associate the sound of a tone

with presentation of food

Behaviorists: JB Watson, psychologist should study only behavior that can be observed and measured with emphasis on the improatince of the environment

a

Based on the work of Ivan Pavlov, who demonstrated the reflex could be conditioned (learned) Watson believed that phobias were learned *case of Little Albert taught to fear a white rate*

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one of them at random, and train him to be any type of specialist I might select- a doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors"

Jung's theory on collective unconscious contains a kind of "spcies" or "radical" memory, memories of ancient fears & themes that seem to occur in many folktales & cultures.

These universal human memories were called archetypes.

Archetypes are memories shared by all

members of the human species

Kelly is convinced that a supervisor in her office if very attracted to her, even though he has shown no outward signs of interest in her. She watches the supervisor frequently and makes excuses to be near him or to talk to him. She interprets everything he says as a veiled reference to his desire for her.

If Kelly's supervisor actually has no romantic interest in here, we might conclude that Kelly is_____.

a. rationalizing          b. repressing

c projecting              d. regressing

Laboratory Observation

Advantage/Disadvantage

Laboratory observation is watching animals or humans behave

in a laboratory setting

a

Advantage - Control over environment

                          -Allows use of specialized equipment

a

Disadvantage - artificial setting may result

            in artificial results

Latency psychosexual stage:

is the 4th stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

Libido:

the intinctual engergy that may come into conflict with the demands of society's standard behavior

OCEAN

  1. Opennes, willingness/openness to do new things

  2. Conscientousness, care given to others

  3. Extraversion, ones need to be with others

  4. Agreeableness, emotional style, easy going,     

        friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby and unpleasant

  5.Neuroticism, emotional instability/stability

Psychoanalytic perspective

Behavioristic perspective

(including social cognitive)

Humanistic perspective

Trait perspective

Negative Correlation variables are relates in opposite direction. As one increase the other decrease

Shyness and number of friends, speed limit and time to reach destination

Oedipus complex is a situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposit-sex parent & jealousy of the same-sex parent

Oedipus complex:

when male, is jealous of the father

Operational definition

definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

e.g. definition: aggressive play

the oral psychosexual stage is the first stage occurring in the first year of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone & waning is the primary conflict;

Id dominated

Personality

the unique and realtively stable ways in which people think, feel and behave. The unique way in which each individual thinks, acts and feels thoughtout life

Personality inventory

(type of personality test)

Personality inventory: paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking test.

      -NEO-PI: based on 5 factor model

      -MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR:

                based on Jung's theory of personality types

      -MMPI-2 Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory,

                to detect abnormal personality

Phallic stage is the 3rd stage, occurring from about 3-6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings;

super ego developes

Placebo effect

is the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in

a study can influence their behavior

Pleasure principle

Principle by which the Id functions, the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

Population sample

the entire goup of people or animals in which the researcher is interested

Positive correlation variables are related in the same direction, as one

increases the other incresase

as on decreases the other decrease

Attending class/grades or Height/weight

stress levels/candy consumption

Preconscious Mind

level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious

Projection

is placing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to otheres and not to themselves

like your supervisors is in love with you but he

isn't really you just think so

Projective test

(Type of personality test)

Psychiatrist

-Can perscribe medications, a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Psychoanalytic, Sigmund Freud was the founder

of the psychoanalytic movement.

a

-His theory propsed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

-victorian time, men were understood to be

unable to control their "animal instincts"

(Mistress for sexual comfort and wife untouched)

-Women, upper class were not supposed

to have sexual urges

Psychoanalytic perspective,

had it beginnings in the work of Sigmund Freud and still exists today.

It focuses on the unconscious mind in the development of personality.

This perspective is also heavily focused on biolgical causes of personality differences.

Psychological defense mechanisms:

Unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

Major defense mechanisms:

1. Denial             2. Repression               3. Rationalization

4. Projection      5. Reaction formation  6. Displacement

7. Regression    8. Identification            9.Sublimation

10. Compensation (substitution)

Psychologist

-No medications, a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more

aresas of psychology.

- Can do counseling, teaching and research, and

may specialize in any one or a large number of

areas with psychology

- Areas of specialization in psychology include

clinical, counseling, developmental, social and personality, amoung others

Random assignment

process of assigning subjects to the experiment or control groups randomly so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group

a

Controls for counfounding

(extraneous, interfering) variables

Random sample

random assignment of participants to experimental groups helps to control fro individual differences both within and between the groups that might otherwise interfere with the experiment's outcome

Rationalization

is making up acceptable excuses

for unacceptable behavior

Reaction formation

is forming an emotional reaction

or attitude that is opposite of

one's threatening or unacceptable

actual thoughts

Reality principle

principle by which the Ego functions;

the the satisfaction of the demands of the Id only when negative consequences will not result. Not the same as "egotistical"

Regression

is falling back on child like patterns as a way of coping with stressful situations

Representative sample

randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger poplulation of subjects

Repression

is "pushing" threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory

Rogers theory, importance of self-concept, unconditional positive regard. Believed that humans are always striving to fulfill their innate capacity and capabilities (self-actualizing tendency) he believed that everyone has a real self (how people see their traits and abilities) and an ideal self (how people think they should be).

The closer the real and ideal self-match up the happier and more well-adjusted a person will be.

To have these two self concepts matchup a person needs unconditional positive regard, which is love, warmth, respect and affection without any conditional attached.

The therapist listens and the patient does all the work.

Rorschach inkblot test

(Type of personality test)

Scientific Method Steps

1. Perceived the question

2. Form a hypothese

3. Test the hypothesis

4. Draw conclusions

5. Report your resulst

Scientific methods are used to:

Prevent possible biases from leading

to faulty observations

Precise and careful measurement

The scientific method is a system of gathering data

so that bias and error in measurement are reduced

Self-efficacy: an individual's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (not the same as self esteem).

Belief in one's ability to succceed in a particular situation

People with STRONG SELF-EFFICACY view challenges as a task to be mastered, have a strong sense of commitment to interest, undettered by setbacks.

People with WEAK SELF-EFFICACY avoid challenging tasks, give up easily,focus on failures, quickly lose confidence in abilities

Sigmond Freud theory:

-Psychoanalysis, the theory and therapy.

-Freud's patients suffered from nervous disorders with no apparent physical cause.

-Freud proposed the existence of an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push, or repress all of our thretening urges and desires

-Addressed components of the personality and psychosexual stages

-He stressed the improtance of childhood experiences

Single Blind Study

subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control group

(reduces placebo effect)

Strengths and Criticism

of the Humanistic Theory

Strength:Development of the therapies designed to promote self-growth & help people better understand themselfves and others

Criticism: Some believe the Humanistic vies a rosy picture, ignoring the negative aspects of human nature.

Difficult to test scientifically.

Sublimation

is turing socially unacceptable

urges into acceptable behavior

Super Ego

part of the personality that

acts as a moral center

Temperment

the enduring characteristics with

whicheach person is born.

Based in one's biology, either through genetic influences, prenatal influences, or a combination of those influences, and forms the basis upon which one's larger personality is built

The inability to remember a car accident that killed your best friend when you were in high school, is an example of what defense mechanism?

      a. projection       b. displacement

      c. denial              d. repression

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

(type of personality test)

Thematic apperception test (TAT): projective test that uses 20 pictures

of people in ambiguous situations

as the visual stimuli

The three levels of consciousness are:

Conscious mind

Preconscious mind

Unconscious

Three parts of personality

Three parts of personality

Id

Ego

Super Ego

Trait perspective

The other three all seek to explain the process that causes personality to form in to its unique characterisitics, where as trait theorists are more concerned with the end results - the characteristics themselves.

Although some trait theoriests assume that traits are biologically determined, others make no such assumption.

Trait theory

Types of research methods

-Naturalistic observation

-Case studies

-Surveys

-Experiments

-Correlation studies

(strengths and weaknesses of each)

Unconscious Mind

level in which thoughts, feelings, memories & other information are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.

Can be revealed through dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue.

The history of psychology has pre-scientific origins. 

-Philosophy, physiology, is the mind connected to the ody or distint?

-Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by eperience?

Skinner's theory

-It is not what happens before it is what happens after; -V. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior.

-Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth centrury.

-He introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism

What is Naturalistic Observation?

Advantages/Disadvantages

Naturalistic observation is observing and recording the behavior of animals or humans in their natural environ, without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Advantage - a realistic view of behavior

Disadvantage-Observer effect, tendency for the person or animals behavior to change because they know they are being observed

-you don't know why, only what of behavior

-observer bias-tendency of observers

to see what they want to see

Watson's theory

-Psychologist should study only behavior that can be observed and measured, emphasis on the importance of the environment.

-Based on the work of Ivan Pavlov, who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (learned).

-Watson believed the phobias were learned

Wertheimer's theory,

Gestalt psychology, people naturally seek out patterns (wholes) the whole greater than the some of its parts.

a

Wertheimer believed that psychological events could NOT be broken down into smaller elements; could only be understood as a whole. Now part of the study of cognitive psychology, a field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes and problem solving

What are the four basic

criteria of critical thinking?

Four basic criteria of critical thinking

          1. There are very few "truths" that do not

  need to be subjected to testing

2. All evidence is not equal in quality   

        3. Just because someone is considered an

              authority does not make everything that  person claims automatically true

4. Critical thinking requires an open mind

The four goals of psychology are:

1. Describe behavior: What is happening?

2. Explain behavior: Why is it happening?

3. Predict behavior: Will it happen again?

4. Control/influence: Can it be changed?

Use the information to improve the quality of life

What is a Case study?

Advantage/disadvantages?

Case study

a study of one individual in great detail

advantage, tremendous amount of detail

disadvantage, cannot apply to others

Famous case study - Phineas Gage

Neo-Freudian

are followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis

ie: Jung, Adler, Horney & Erikson

What is a Psychosexual stage?

What is the order of the Psychosexual stages?

5 stages of personality development proposed by Freud & tied to the sexual development of the child

Oral stage

Anal stage

Phallic stage

Latency stage

Genital stage

What is a Survey?

Advantages/Disadvantages

Survey

researchers as a series of questions

about the topic under study

a

Advantage - data from large numbers of people (lot of info in short time)

- Can study covert behaviors

Disadvantage - Researchers have to ensure representative sample or the results are not meaningful

- People are not always honest or accurate (courtesy bias)

Critical thinking is making reasoned

judgments about claims.

Thinking that does not blindly accept

arguments and conclusions

-Examines assumptions

-Discerns hidden values

-Evaluates evidence

-Assesses conclusions

Positive regard,

is love, warmth,respect and affection without any conditions attached.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Behavior: outward or overt actions and reactions

Mental process: internal, covert activity of our minds.

Simply: the science of the mind and the brain

Which would indicate the strongest relationship between two variables?

A. +1.04          B. -0.89

C. +0.75          D. +0.54

The answer is B. -0.89

A correlation has to be between +1.00 and -1.00. The closer the number is to +1.00 or -1.00 the stronger the correlation is.

Wilhelm Wundt was the founder of psychology

opened first psychology laboratory and wrote

the first psychology text book C. 1879

Developed objective introspection objectively measuring thoughts and mental activities

Psychology should be a field in its own right: a science like chemistry or physics

William James proposed functionalism focused on how behavioral processes function - how the mind allows people

to adapt, live, work and play

(no longer exists as distinct school of thought)

Anal retentive personality