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Definition
| A complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. |
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Definition
| A need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour. |
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Definition
| The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. |
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| A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. |
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Definition
| A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour. |
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Definition
| Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. |
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Definition
| The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. when its level is low, we feel hunger. |
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Definition
| Secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose. |
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Definition
| Secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger. |
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Definition
| Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus. |
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Definition
| Secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain. |
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Definition
| Secreted by stomach; sends out "I'm full" signals to the brain. |
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Definition
| Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain. |
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Definition
| The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. |
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Definition
| The body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
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Definition
| An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa. |
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Term
| Biological Influences of Eating Behaviour |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic centers in the brain monitoring appetite, appetite hormones, stomach pangs, weight set/settling point, attraction to sweet/salty tastes, adaptive wariness toward novel foods. |
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Term
| Psychological Influences on Eating Behaviour |
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Definition
| Sight/smell of food, variety of foods available, memory of time elapsed since last meal, stress and mood, food unit size. |
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Term
| Social-Cultural Influences on Eating Behaviour |
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Definition
| Culturally learned taste preferences, responses to cultural preferences for appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal/functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In non-human female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. |
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Term
| Biological Influences on Sexual Motivation |
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Definition
| Sexual maturity, sexual hormones (especially testosterone), sexual orientation. |
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Term
| Psychological Influences on Sexual Motivation |
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Definition
| Exposure to stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies. |
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Term
| Social-Cultural Influences on Sexual Motivation |
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Definition
| Family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations, media. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or hte other sex (heterosexual orientation). |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| Selyc's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. |
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Definition
| Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. |
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Term
| Psychophysiological Illness |
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Definition
| literally, "mind-body" illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. |
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Term
| Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) |
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Definition
| The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioural methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behaviour patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
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Term
| Medical Model of Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital. |
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Term
| Biological Influences on Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| Evolution, individual genes, brain structure/chemistry. |
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Term
| Psychological Influences on Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories. |
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Term
| Social-Cultural Influences on Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| Roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision;" a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological Disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviours that reduce anxiety. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic form without apparent physical cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. |
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Term
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Definition
| A somatoform disorder in which a person interrupts normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (multiple personality disorder). |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
| A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviours and events in order to promote insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love/hatred for a parent). |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth (person-centered therapy). |
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Term
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Definition
| Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| A caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviours. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behaviour therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviours; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviour techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimulti. Commonly used to treat phobias. |
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Term
| Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy |
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Definition
| An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behaviour (such as drinking alcohol). |
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Term
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Definition
| An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behaviour and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting, based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
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Term
| Cognitive Behaviour Therapy |
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Definition
| A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behaviour therapy (changing behaviour). |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviours as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusting one's behaviour or thinking to coincided with a group standard. |
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Term
| Normative Social Influence |
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Definition
| Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or to avoid disapproval. |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or to avoid disapproval. |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
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Definition
| An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotypical beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |
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Term
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Definition
| A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group and its members. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Us" - people with whom we share a common identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to favour our own group. |
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Definition
| The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for the people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any physical or verbal behaviour intended to hunt or destroy. |
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Term
| Frustration-Aggression Principle |
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Definition
| The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |
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Definition
| The theory that our social behaviour is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
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Term
| Social-Responsibility Norm |
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Definition
| An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. |
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