Term
|
Definition
| because event A came before event B, event A must have caused event B to occur |
|
|
Term
| The influence of early experiences |
|
Definition
| early experiences do play an important role in development, but later experiences can also play an equal role in the child's overall development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cross-sectional design
2. longitudinal design |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uses groups of children of different ages
advantage- reduces probability of bias, complete study quickly
disadvantage- changes could be due to different life experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
starts studying a group of children at a specific area and follows the same group of children across the age span of interest
advantage- observe changes in specific children's behavior over time
disadvantage- have an effect, lose research subjects over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Period & 3 Stages |
|
Definition
extends from conception to birth
Has three phases:
1.Germinal Stage (First 2 weeks)
2. Embryonic Stage (end of 2nd week to the end of the 2nd month)
3. Fetal Stage (Beginning of 3rd month until birth. brain cells grow 250 000 per min (100bill@birth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end of 2nd week to the end of the 2nd month |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beginning of the 3rd month until birth. Brain cells grow 250 000 per min. 100 bill @ birth. |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Facts that Effect Prenatal Development (4) |
|
Definition
Maternal nutrition
Maternal drug and alcohol use
Maternal Illness
Smoking |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Factors Associated with Prenatal Impairment (9) |
|
Definition
Rubella (German Measles)
Syphilis
Aids
Smoking
Alcohol
Inadequate Diet
Drug Addiction
Valium
Maternal Age (-18 or +37) |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Rubella |
|
Definition
German Measles
blindness, deafness, still born, heart abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Syphilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Aids |
|
Definition
| Death (typically within 2 years of birth) |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Smoking |
|
Definition
| pre-maturity, low birth weight, increased risk of sids |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Alcohol |
|
Definition
| MR, facial abnormalities, low IQ, growth retardation, fetal alcohol syndrome baby |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Inadequate Diet |
|
Definition
| reduced brain growth, low birth weight, abnormal reflexes, irritability, low motor ability |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Drug Addiction |
|
Definition
| high risk for stroke, respiratory distress, baby could be born addicted to drugs |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Valium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prenatal Impairment: Maternal Age under 18 or over 37 |
|
Definition
| increased risk of down syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any adverse genetic influence that effects prenatal development and which results in same irregularity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants born before 36 weeks gestation. "preemies" often experience physical and cognitive delays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a child from birth to about 18 months of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rooting
Sucking
Swallowing
Babinski
Moro |
|
|
Term
| Infant Reflexes(and when gone): Rooting |
|
Definition
will turn head if cheek is touched
gone by 4th month |
|
|
Term
| Infant Reflexes(and when gone): Sucking |
|
Definition
suck if lips are touched
vol.by 2 months |
|
|
Term
| Infant Reflexes: Swallowing |
|
Definition
| will automatically swallow when liquid enters mouth |
|
|
Term
| Infant Reflexes(and when gone): Babinski |
|
Definition
when foot is stroked from heel to toe- the toes will fan out
gone by 12 months |
|
|
Term
| Infant Reflexes(and when gone): Moro |
|
Definition
when startled, throw arms out, fan fingers, then draw arms to chest and close fingers
weak by 5th month
gone by 8th month |
|
|
Term
| Milestones of Motor Development of the Average Child (11 and when they occur) |
|
Definition
-lifts head (1-2m)
-rolls over (2.5-4m)
-sits (5-7m)
-stands holding on (5.5-8m)
-walks holding on (8-11m)
-stands (10-13m)
-walks (11.5-14m)
-walks backwards (13-15m)
-walks up stairs (15.5-20m)
-kicks ball forward (16-20m)
-Running (18-24m) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to any gradual change in thought, behaviour, or physical growth that is due to the aging process (not to experience)
Certain motor behaviors cannot be learned until the body has matured, but in order to develop properly, the child must acquire practice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the transitions in children's pattern of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving |
|
|
Term
| One of the 1st things Babies Learn: |
|
Definition
| their behavior can affect their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
swiss psychologist.
viewed cognitive development as a maturation process.
focused on errors children make when problem solving.
He believed that as children mature, they develop cognitive structures (rules) that allow them to understand and interact with the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| child's mental representations of the kinds of actions they can perform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modification of new information to make it fit into an existing scheme.
New experiences that are too different from existing schemes will not result in mental growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the creation or modification of schemes to make them fit with new experiences |
|
|
Term
| Piaget's 4 periods of Cognitive Development |
|
Definition
-Sensorimotor period
-preoperational period
-concrete operations
-Formal operations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Birth to age 2
Actions become purposeful.
Can manipulate their physical world.
out of sight out of mind (will not track objects until 3 months).
Anticipate where an object is (5 months).
Assume an object is where they last saw it (6 months).
Object permanence (8 to 9 months).
imitate behaviors and use words. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| notion that an object does not disappear when it is out of sight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 to 7 years.
development of symbolic and intuitive thinking.
development of language ability.
Tend to confuse objects with words.
"pretend play" develops.
have difficulty accepting that you see the world differently than they do.
egocentric behavior- seem uncooperative and selfish at times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
7-11 or 12 years of age.
gain logical thought.
concept of time, space and numbers.
categorization.
empathize with others.
mastery of conservation.
ability to reverse thoughts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognizes that properties of substances can remain constant even though some aspect of the arrangement can be manipulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
12+ years.
capable of abstract reasoning.
can make logical inferences.
behavior can have different consequences in different contexts.
improvements in intellectual ability are based on the accumulation of knowledge and experience. |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms of Piagets Theory (3) |
|
Definition
thinking does not change with age as much.
too vague and general.
ignores individual differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Russian psychologist.
died 1934.
only worked as a psychologist for 10 years. |
|
|
Term
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
|
Definition
| children's cognitive abilities develop as a result of their interaction (communication) with the social world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how children develop cognitive abilities.
Absorbing knowledge from their social interactions within the community and society in general.
AKA scaffolding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, and to understand that others have desires and beliefs that differ from their own.
Ability to attribute "false beliefs" tends to develop at 4 to 5 years of age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to recognize that others can have beliefs about the world that are wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long-lasting pattern in a person's disposition, and in the intensity and quality of a person's emotional reactions.
Quite stable over life-span.
Primarily based on biological factors through environment plays some role |
|
|
Term
| 4 Main categories of temperament |
|
Definition
1. easy-going child (40%)
2. difficult child (10%)
3.slow-to-warm-up child (15%)
4. mixed temperamental style (35%) |
|
|
Term
| Kagan's 2 Temperamental Styles |
|
Definition
1. behavioral inhibited
2. behavioral uninhibited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shy, very cautious, emotionally reserved when confronted with unfamiliar persons, situations, etc. (10%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "bold babies" very sociable, spontaneous, minimally fearful in new situations (25%) |
|
|
Term
| Temperamental Syle - REST |
|
Definition
65%
a mix of the two types |
|
|
Term
| Moral Development: Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg |
|
Definition
3 developmental levels, each divided by 2 stages called orientations.
Focuses on moral reasoning, rather than moral behavior.
Moral development is closely tied to cognitive development.
Great variation in the age at when people reach specific stages. |
|
|
Term
| 1. Pre-Conventional Level |
|
Definition
1.Punishment and obedience orientation
2.egocentric orientation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3.good boy-good girl orientation
4.law and order orientation |
|
|
Term
| 3. Post-conventional Level |
|
Definition
5.social contract, legalistic orientation
6. conscience or ethical principle orientation |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory (5) |
|
Definition
cultural bias.
sex bias (all research done on boys).
scores have low correlation with real-life moral behavior.
Appropriate responses?
Moral reasoning proceeds emotional reaction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
close emotional bond of affection between infant and caregiver.
Involves reciprocation of warm feelings and comfort and support they provide for each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Baby monkeys to determine why they get attached to a caregiver.
preference for cloth mother
contact comfort |
|
|
Term
| The Strange Situation Technique |
|
Definition
infant put through 8 different situations designed to elicit varying levels of stress.
Mary Ainsworth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
67%
may or may not cry. no comfort from stranger. Actively seek contact with mother. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
18%
not cry.
stranger seems equal to mother. avoid mother. show little emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10%
angry when mom returns, doesn't respond to mom's attempts to comfort |
|
|
Term
| 4. Disorganized Attachment |
|
Definition
5%
"frozen posture" contradictory responses, "love you, love you" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. secure
2. avoidant
3. resistant
4. disorganized |
|
|
Term
| Does immediate skin to skin contact following birth strengthen attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behaviors That Foster Strong Attachments (5) |
|
Definition
-sucking
-cuddling
-looking
-smiling
-crying(response of the caregiver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cry less and more engaged in imaginative play, show more enthusiasm, and persistance in problem-solving, better relationship with peers, lower risk ADHD, better able to handle feelings and impulses, appropriate independent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cry more and less symbolic play. frequent temper tantrums, aggressive play, less involvement in school activites, increased risk of ADHD high risk for becoming a bully or victim. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
somewhat controlling
keep lines of communication open
healthiest parenting style |
|
|
Term
| Permissive/Indulgent Parent |
|
Definition
warm and responsive
non-demanding (children aren't expected to conform to any standards or behavior)
no rules, no chores, no responsibility learned
kids tend to be demanding, selfish and don't know how to share. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly demanding, rigid and punitive.
expect absolute obedience and use forceful methods
expect kids to follow rules
little to no warmth and support
children rebel and self-esteem suffers |
|
|
Term
| 2 Parenting Style Dimensions |
|
Definition
Parental Demandingness
Parental Responsiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a person's sense of being male or female
3 to 4 years old. |
|
|
Term
| Erikson's Theory of Development |
|
Definition
| adolescents must develop a sense of identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
understanding that they will always be the same sex
6 to 7 years old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patterns of behavior that are seen as appropriate for males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
period from onset puberty to early adulthood
girls 11
boys 13 |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Physical Changes |
|
Definition
pituitary gland stimulates physical growth and reproduction system releases hormones triggering other physical changes
ex)facial changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st development capacity for intimacy.
friendships become more important than family.
question family values.
feel unloveable.
period of sexual maturation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetically and culturally based |
|
|
Term
| Primary Sexual Characteristics |
|
Definition
sexual organs assume adult form
females menstruate
males produce sperm
due to estrogen and androgen |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Sexual Characteristics |
|
Definition
Differentiate the Sexes
girls- breast enlargement and widening of hips and pubic hair
boys- chest and facial hair, voice deepens, pubic hair |
|
|
Term
| Consequences Associated with Early or Late Development (2) |
|
Definition
baby face features
onset sexual maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spend time thinking about themselves and their own thought. leads to 2 cognitive distortions:
1.imaginary audience
2. personal fable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
someone is always watching and concerned about their behavior and looks, etc.
want to fit in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflated sense of self-importance, no one understands them because they are special and unique.
"i am invulnerable" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
independence from parents
peer group conforming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change over time
begins new types of interactions with the opposite sex.
Greater growth of trust and intimacy, which is important to personal adjustment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
help with identity issues
feelings of security/belonging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
closely-knit groups (6-12persons)
systematically exclude others
desire to be a part of the "in group" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly structured, violent and involve crimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
facilitate dating, recreation and offers escape
give status |
|
|
Term
| Human reach their peak functioning between _____ years of age. _____ deteriorate from that point onward. (3) |
|
Definition
18 and 30
strength, muscle tone, and fitness deteriorate |
|
|
Term
| As we age, ____, _____, and _____ decrease |
|
Definition
| lung capacity, bone mass and out ability to fight disease |
|
|
Term
| In middle age, ____ and ______ change. |
|
Definition
agility
physical motor coordination |
|
|
Term
| Sensory abilities usually remain stable until age ___, then _____ at a steady rate. After ___ decline is more noticeable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order in which sensory abilities leave (2) |
|
Definition
vision and hearing
taste and smell |
|
|
Term
| General intelligence remains quite stable until age ______. Adults show peak performance in tasks involving problem solving between _____. After ____ decline slightly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop a sense of intimacy |
|
|
Term
___% of 1st marriages fail in canada.
Average length is ___ year. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myth.
turbulent and difficult period of doubt and reappraisal of one's life. |
|
|
Term
| Social Changes in Mid-Adulthood (4) |
|
Definition
1.Reduce # of friendships
2. Change in career, (in dealing with our approach to retirement)
3. changes in marital status (divorce/death)
4. changes in family ("empty nest" myth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No social institution has as great of an influence on development as the family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-traditional
divorce
blended
dysfunctional
etc
families are more mobile
parents having fewer children and having them later in life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
families that do not meet the needs of their children.
Physical abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, drug addiction, spousal violence, alcoholism. etc. |
|
|
Term
| Physical Change in Old Age (5) |
|
Definition
1. muscle strength and flexibility decrease
2. skeletal muscles shrink
3. Organs decline in efficiency (heart does not pump as well, lungs are less elastic, reproductive system is affected, bones thin and shrink).
4. Reflexes are slower
5. Decline of senses
6. Greater Risk of developing chronic health problems |
|
|
Term
| Losses that Elderly Experience (6) and the effects |
|
Definition
health
job
money
home
independence
death of friends and loved ones
All contribute to loss of identity, lead to loneliness and depression |
|
|
Term
| Do emotional needs change as people age? |
|
Definition
| no. but needs become more apparent due to the loss of independence and having less control (60's and 70's) |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive changes in old age (4) |
|
Definition
-attention and short-term memory are affected but declines are modest.
-speed of learning and processing new information declines with age (begins mid life noticeable at 65+)
-crystallized intelligence improves with age
-speech and language processing are intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment
ex) Alzheimer's , parkinson's, etc
15% of people over 65
not part of the normal aging process |
|
|
Term
| Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
studies all aspects of social behavior
(humans are social animals)
Need to protect and belong
tend to exclude
can dislike, can hate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seek to understand how the thoughts, feelings and actions of people are influenced by the presence and behavior of others. (try to understand behavior as it occurs within a social context) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, and ourselves
(focuses on social information, which affects our judgement, choices, our evaluation and behavior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
try to understand another person's behavior
why do people behave as they do?
(Attributions are inferences we draw about the causes about behavior
internal or external |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to something about the person's disposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
Definition
tendency to give too much weight to internal factors, and not enough to situational factors when it comes to explaining the behavior of other people.
ex)personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to focus on external factors when negative events happen to ourselves, and to focus on internal factors for positive events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to shift one's opinions or actions to correspond with those of other people because of social pressure |
|
|
Term
| #1 Reason Why People Conform |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. Informational Influence |
|
Definition
| wanting to be correct. A desire to understand the right way to act. We look to other members in the group to help make our choice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conform because we want to be liked, accepted and approved by others |
|
|
Term
| Other Reason's Why People Conform (2) |
|
Definition
| low self-esteem, attempts to raise status in group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
subjects were told they were participating in a "vision test". Asch's assistants participated and gave wrong answers. Nearly 75% of the subjects agreed with the wrong answer.
(belief that others are more knowledgeable) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
12 prisoners, 12 guards
guards became abusive-being placed in a position of absolute power made them cruel. while prisoners showed signs of severe stress and anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process where people in a group lose their self-awareness, become less inhibited, and engage in behaviors they would not typically do.
Lose individually->gain anonyminity
feel less responsible for their behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is compliance with the explicit demands of a person in authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
65% of subjects administered shocks to the highest voltage (450 volts). 15-450v, all subjects were men (different careers and levels of education)
How does punishment affect a person's ability to learn
it's not my fault/I am not responsible because I was told to do this.
We are raised to obey authority figures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that benefits another person (or society) but has no obvious benefit to the person performing the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that are intended to benefit another person, even if there is a potential cost to the person offering the assistance. |
|
|
Term
| Why are people Altruistic? (3) |
|
Definition
-evolutionary theory
-reciprocal altruism
-altruism creates feelings of empathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the unwillingness to help others in trouble. |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
|
Definition
| when more than 1 person is available to help in an emergency situation, we feel that someone else will offer assistance so we don't have to |
|
|
Term
| 4 Decisions that dictate whether a person will help in a situation or not |
|
Definition
-notice and pay attention to what is happening
-interpret the event as an emergency
-accept personal responsibility
-decide they must help |
|
|
Term
| Latane and Darley's Decision Model of Emergency Intervention (1970) (5 things) |
|
Definition
1. Notice the emergency
2.Define as emergency
3.take responsibility
4.decide on way to help
5.implement chosen way to help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-decrease in effort and productivity that occurs when individuals work in a group
-occurs because people feel less pressure to work hard in a group (variant of diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group is strongly cohesive, shares a strong desire for agreement among members
group puts pressure on anyone who offers a dissenting point of view (can lead to the group ignoring important information and result in poor decisions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined as the desire to inflict harm on others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior (either verbal or physical) directed towards the goal of harming another living being who wishes to avoid such harm |
|
|
Term
| Biological/Evolutionary View (of aggression) |
|
Definition
inherited the "aggressive instinct" from out animal ancestors
Flaw: fails to explain why there is so much variability in human aggression |
|
|
Term
| Frustration- Aggression Hypothesis |
|
Definition
aggression results from frustration when people are prevented from obtaining their goals
Flaw: frustration does not always lead to aggression, aggression can stem from reasons other than frustration. |
|
|
Term
| Aggression: Social Learning Theory |
|
Definition
| most widely accepted explanation. People learn to be aggressive from exposure to violent models. |
|
|
Term
| Aggression: Personality Differences |
|
Definition
| the presence of certain personality traits in some people result in higher rates of aggression than in those who do not have those traits. |
|
|
Term
| Aggression: Gender Differences |
|
Definition
| males tend to be more physically aggressive, but females display a much higher incidence of relational aggression |
|
|
Term
| Aggression: Cultural Differences |
|
Definition
| some cultures place a higher premium on aggressive behavior, while others avoid any acts of violence against others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
our long-term impression of various aspects of our social world, such as people, events,etc.
Attitudes are largely learned, but there is some evidence that genetics play a role in attitude formation |
|
|
Term
| 3 Components of Attitudes |
|
Definition
1. Behavioral Component- our attitudes are reflected in our behaviors
2. Cognitive Component- based on a set of beliefs
3. Emotional Component- generally involve strong feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Refers to the discomfort we feel when there is a gap between our attitudes and our actions
ex)between what we think and what we say
or between two attitudes.
-usually occurs when we are exposed to information that conflicts with our previously held belief or attitude
unpleasant.
has a motivational component |
|
|
Term
| Try to reduce cognitive dissonance (3) |
|
Definition
-changing either attitude or behavior
-acquiring new information
-trivializing the attitude or behavior |
|
|
Term
| Strength regarding dissonance |
|
Definition
| the stronger the dissonance, the greater the motivation to reduce it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if behavior and attitudes are inconsistent and we reflect on the inconsistency, an unpleasant state of arousal results, which can be resolved if we modify our attitudes to fit our behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
negative and inflexible attitudes directed towards a group of people and individual member of that group.
intention to avoid, dominate or eliminate that group.
There attitudes and behaviors are extremely resistant to change, even in the face of strong contradictory evidence |
|
|
Term
| We Can be prejudice against other without discriminating against them. (discrimination vs. prejudice) |
|
Definition
Discrimination= negative behavior
Prejudice= negative attitude |
|
|
Term
| 4 Theories that explain the cause of prejudice |
|
Definition
1. realistic conflict theory (motivational theory)
2. social categorization/adaptive conservation (the evolutionary view)
3. social learning theory (learning through parental attitudes, the media, etc)
4. cognitive theory (stereotypes) |
|
|
Term
| Personality suggests that: (3) |
|
Definition
-there is a consistency to behavior
-there is a casual force within the person influencing how that person behaves
-there are some prominent characteristics that summarize what the person is like |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| below the surface of our public behavior, may be a very different person concealed from view |
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Term
| 2 Major Approaches to Studying Personality |
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Definition
nomothetic approach
idiographic approach |
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Term
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Definition
| looks at personality as laws that govern the behavior of all people (personality tests) |
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Term
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Definition
| looks at the unique experiences and characteristics of each individual person |
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Term
| 3 influences on personality development |
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Definition
-genetic factors
-shared environmental factors
-non-shared environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
| research suggests that genetics play the biggest role in personality development. The major evidence comes from identical twins reared apart |
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Term
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Definition
| research suggests that genetics play a larger role as adoptive children have personalities more similar to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents |
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Term
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Definition
people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
personality is organized, a process, not just a psychological process, casual force, shows up in many ways.
Personality shows up in patterns. It is these characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that give consistency to your personality |
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Term
| 3 Levels of Mental Life are: |
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Definition
-the conscious level: what we are aware of
-the preconscious level: out of awareness but can be brought into awareness
-unconscious level: out of our awareness |
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Term
| Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory |
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Definition
| treated hysterical neurosis using hypnosis but later believed that neurosis was caused unconscious conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
all our thoughts and behavior is determined by earlier significant life events and conflicts
this belief lead to his earliest model of the mind. levels of mental life (AKA levels of consciousness , or levels of awareness) |
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Term
| 3 Interactive Components of Personality that Freud Saw |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
similar to earlier notion of unconscious operates on the "Pleasure Principle"
primary process thinking |
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Term
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Definition
rational part of personality, operates on "Reality Principle"
The ego mediates between the selfish demands of the ID and the moral perfection of the superego
secondary process thinking |
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Term
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Definition
moral part of personality, our conscience
moral imperatives |
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Term
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Definition
| contact with outside world |
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Term
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Definition
| material beneath the surface of awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of psychic distress that comes in the form of worry, nervousness, tension, and so on. |
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Term
| Freud Identified 3 Types of Anxiety |
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Definition
-neurotic anxiety
-moral anxiety
-realistic anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stems from conflicts between the ego and superego |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mental strategies used by the ego to control anxiety |
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Term
| Examples of Defense Mechanisms (7) |
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Definition
regression
reaction formation
repression
identification
projection
displacement
rationalization |
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Term
Psychosexual Stages of Development:
5 Stages |
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Definition
1. oral stage
2. anal stage
3. phallic stage
4. latency stage
5. genital stage |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages of Development:Oral Stage |
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Definition
birth to 18 months of age
ex) smokers (orally fixated) |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages of Development:Anal Stage |
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Definition
| 18months to 3 years. control of bowel movements (potty training) ex) someone being anal |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages of Development: Phallic Stage |
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Definition
3 years to 6/7 years
Edipus complex occurs here |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages of Development:Latency Stage |
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Definition
6/7 years to 12 years
learning, education, can't get fixated here |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages of Development: Genital Stage |
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Definition
12 years to adulthood
sex, relationships, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
centers around a particular area of the body.
Results in the development of the personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| results when too much libido becomes tied to a particular area of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| give a decreased emphasis on the ID (decreased focus on the sexual and aggressive drives) and increases focus on the ego. They also extended personality development past childhood |
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Term
| Carl Jung (Analytical Psychology) |
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Definition
Disagreed with freud: rejected freud's emphasis on sex, believed that the most crucial stage of development is mid-life, rather than childhood.
Agreed with Freud- importance of unconscious, but believed each person has a "personal unconscious" and a "collective unconscious" |
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Term
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Definition
universal thought forms, ideas or images that are contained within the collective unconscious.
ex) mother, shadow, wise old man, demon, hero , etc.
(hero is the most important self) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the feminine side of males |
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Term
|
Definition
| the masculine side of females |
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Term
| Alfred Adler (individual psychology) |
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Definition
-Disagreed with Freud: view on dream interpretation, assumption that human behavior is motivated by instincts
-assumed humans are governed by social urges, and they struggle towards goals they set for themselves (strive for success/superiority-which stems from feelings of inferiority)
-stresses the social context of personality (1st task in life is getting along with others. seen in the relationship between infants and mothers)
-importance of "birth order" as a factor of governing personality (differences between first born , second born, middle child, youngest, oldest, only child occurs because of experiences each person has as a member of a "social group" - the family. |
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Term
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Definition
disagreed with freud's concept of penis envy (she stated that men have "womb envy" which causes men to not only envy pregnancy, breasts, motherhood, etc but also leads men to devalue women and put their energies to work.
-focused on cultural factors in shaping personality, and much less emphasis on infant sexuality |
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Term
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Definition
emphasizes the unique quality of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth
Any individual's personality can only be understood by viewing the world through that person's eyes |
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Term
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Definition
personality theorists
does not believe we pass through stages on our way to personality development
-focuses on how evaluations by others either produces- or fails to produce- positive personality growth. This evaluation us crucial in childhood
-our personality development is subject to strong influences from our social environment.
-almost every child is victim of conditional positive regard
-children need to feel unconditional positive regard
-as adults, we have to experience unconditional positive self-regard |
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Term
| Conditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| where love and approval are withheld until the child meets certain parental standards or expectations |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| a feeling that they will always be loved and approved of, despite their mistakes and misbehaviors |
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Term
| Abraham Maslow (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) |
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Definition
-need for self-actualization/realization of potential
-aesthetic needs: order & beauty
-Cognitive needs: knowledge & understanding
-Esteem needs: Achievement and gaining of recognition
-belongingness and love needs: afiliation and acceptance
-safety and security needs: long-term survival and stability
-physiological needs: hunger, thirst, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
enduring characteristic or quality that causes us to react or behave in consistent ways to our environment
traits are constant
are descriptions of behavior, do not explain behavior. ex) friendly, caring, insensitive, dependable, adventurous |
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Term
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Definition
focus on describing the more permanent characteristics that differentiate one person from another
have 3 to 16 traits |
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Term
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Definition
use factor analysis (a statistical technique) to distinguish between 3 different kinds of traits:
cardinal traits
central traits
secondary traits |
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Term
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Definition
very influential and powerful.
They are rare and unique. |
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Term
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Definition
| traits that are highly characteristic of a given individual. They # between 5-10 |
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Term
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Definition
less consistent and influential
displayed very seldomly |
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Term
| The "Big Five" Factor Model |
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Definition
| Theory is based on the assumption that there are 5 major traits that determine one's characteristic ways of behaving |
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Term
| 5 Major Traits (Big 5 Factor Model) |
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Definition
1. neuroticism
2. extroversion
3.openness
4.agreeableness
5.conscientiousness |
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Term
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Definition
| measures emotional distress. Related to anxiety states. |
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Term
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Definition
| measures sociability. Extroverts like excitement, while introverts tend to be loners |
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Term
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Definition
| relates to how attentive people are to their inner feelings. hypnosis done on people with high scores |
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Term
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Definition
| relates to the extent to which people are good-natured and helpful, vs. rude and stubborn |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the extent to which people are reliable and dependent vs unreliable and careless |
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Term
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Definition
Behaviorists reject that wishes, desires, etc are casual properties that shape our behavior and personality.What a person feels and thinks is unimportant as there inner states do not cause behavior
our personality is formed by our reinforcement history- by pre-exisiting casual forces (through reinforcement history people form stable tendencies to act in similar ways over time. what they do with the thought is everything.) |
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Term
| Cognitive/Social Learning Theories |
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Definition
emphasize interaction of thought and behavior thought affects behavior
humans think, make decisions,respond to our environment and are able to evaluate our behavior |
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Term
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Definition
social-cognitive theory
behaviorist: focuses on behavior
Differs: admits that cognitive variable do exist and can be measured. he takes into account the human capacity to think and plan for our experiences
people acquire behavior through observational learning. We learn by watching models, and are reinforced for engaging in behavior that has been reinforced in others |
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Term
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Definition
cognitive-behavioral theory
believed that people learn because of the value they place on a particular reinforcer.
People differ in their expectations for reinforcements. expectations involve a personality characteristic that distinguishes specific individuals |
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Term
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Definition
measure the extent that people believe that events are or are not under one's personal control and responsibility
assesses whether people tend to locate responsibility to "internal forces" (intelligence personal efforts) or "external factors" (such as luck, fate, etc.) |
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Term
| Pre-Cursers to Personality Assessment: Galen |
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Definition
Greek Physician
personality was a reflection of the 4 "humors" (fluids) that make up the human body
yellowbile-bad temper, irritable (Choleric Personality)
black bile- gloomy, sad, pessimistic (melancholic personality)
phlegm- sluggish, non-excitable, apathetic (Phlegmatic Personality)
Blood- colourful, passionate, active (sanguine personality)
If one of these fluids dominated, the personality traits associated with that fluid would be observed |
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Term
| Pre-Cursers to Personality Assessment: William Sheldon (1940's) |
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Definition
| Developed a theory that related body type to personality; endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic |
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Term
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Definition
| chubby, round people; relaxed, social, like to eat |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular, strong; assertive, courageous, lots of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| tall, thin, fragile; introverted and brainy |
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Term
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Definition
| personality tests are used extensively by Clinical Psychologists to determine to diagnosis of psychological disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| self-report inventories such as the MMPI-z or PAI |
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Term
|
Definition
ambiguous test material is presented in which people "project" their conflicts, desire, wishes, etc. to determine their underlying personality characteristics and motivations
ex) Rochach inkblot test or the TAT |
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Term
| Psycho-dynamic Perspective (Abnormal Psychology) |
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Definition
| assumes that psychological disorders result from unconscious conflicts |
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Term
| Humanistic Perspective (Abnormal Psychology) |
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Definition
| assumes that abnormal behavior results from experiences that thwart a person's growth and development |
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Term
| Behaviorist Perspective (Abnormal Psychology) |
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Definition
| believes that abnormal behaviors are learned |
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Term
| Biological Perspective(Abnormal Psychology) |
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Definition
| assumes that abnormal behavior and mental illness is caused by some aberrant bodily process or defect |
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Term
| Cognitive Perspective(Abnormal Psychology) |
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Definition
| abnormal behavior results from maladaptive thinking |
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Term
| Misconceptions Regarding Abnormal Behavior (4) |
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Definition
-always bazaar
-normal and abnormal behavior are extremely different
-former mental patients are dangerous and unstable
-having a mental disorder is something to be ashamed of |
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Term
| Defining Abnormal Behavior |
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Definition
abnormal means away from normal
normal and abnormal are defined from our cultures if it deviates from what's society sees as accceptable
Behaviour that is abnormal/maladaptive if it interferes with our functioning and emotional growth
does the behavior cause emotional distress? |
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Term
| Diagnosis: 4 Misconceptions |
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Definition
1. diagnosis is nothing more than placing people/characterizing them as "all being the same"
2. Diagnosis are unreliable
3.Are invalid
4. Stigmatizes People |
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Term
| Classifying Psychological Disorders (Diagnosis) |
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Definition
Classification involves describing the various types of disorders. Help with communication and diagnosis
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5 may 2013)
Helps with prognosis, treatment planning, prevalence, and predicting outcome of disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
easy to use and had value in predicting the need for services
misused when employed as a criteria for inpatient admission treatment. ex)insurance claims
replaced with WHO-DAS in DMS-5 |
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Term
| 6 Domains assessed by WHO-DAS |
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Definition
-understanding and communicating
-getting around
-self-care
-getting along with people
-life activities
-participating in society |
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Term
| DSM-5 Categorical Model of Psychopathology |
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Definition
cut-off points are selected because they are associated with a "validated measure" of disorder status. so you either have disorder X or you do not
helps facilitate communication and maintains compatability with the rest of medicine |
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Term
| Dimensional Model of Psychopathology |
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Definition
psychological disorders occur on a continuum. Some of the most common disorders better fir a dimensional model.
ex) mood and anxiety disorders
allows for documentation of changes in clinical status over time (as a result from treatment) |
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Term
| Psychological Disorders Continuum |
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Definition
disorder-free person->adjustment reactions->somatoform disorders->anxiety disorders->personality disorders->mood disorders-> dissociative disorders->psychotic disorders
Are progressively more severe |
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Term
|
Definition
Characterized by generalized fear and apprehension.
13 separate anxiety disorders (DSM-5) |
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Term
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Definition
| reoccurring episodes of acute panic that can last from few second to an hour or more sometimes associated with agoraphobia (a fear of being alone or in a space where escape may be difficult) |
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Term
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Definition
| a persistant fear of some situation or object that presents no actual danger to the person |
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of taking a bath or cleaning yourself |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of storms (thunder and lightening) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of work/workplace environment |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of wood/trees/forests |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of contamination/germs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of contracting syphilis |
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of animals, or of a particular animal |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
obsessions are persistent thoughts are compulsions are persistent impulses, or behaviors.
people with OCD feel compelled to think about something they don't want to think about, and to carry out some behavior that they don't want to do |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
experience or witness an extreme traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury.
man-made catastrophes cause more traumatic death or serious injury. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
"free floating" chronic worry
worry excessively, even over trivial matters |
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Term
|
Definition
an enduring, inflexible pattern of behavior that deviates markedly from society norms. Cannot diagnose personality disorder until the age of 18.
Onset: in adolescence or early adulthood
behaviors place the person in almost constant conflict with their social environment.
10 personality disorders, 3 clusters |
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Term
| Dramatic and Emotional Cluster (4) |
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Definition
antisocial personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
histronic personality disorder
narcissistic personality disorder |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
persistent pattern of disregard for the right of others and a violation of social norms
"con artist" cynical, irresponsible, callous. lock empathy & show no remorse and do not learn from experiences |
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| history of unstable social relationship. have identity problems and extreme mood swings. Cannot tolerate being alone at all. Clingy af. Threaten suicide/self-destructive behavior |
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Term
| Histronic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
show excessive emotionally and attention-seeking behavior
overly dramatic and immature
seductive
the southern belle
sexually inappropriate
scarlet ohara |
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Term
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
extremely selfish and self-centered
intense cravings for self-admiration and approval.
have a grandiose sense of self-importance |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disruption in consciousness, memory, or identity. usually associated with traumatic events or intense stress. |
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Term
| Dissociative Identiy Disorders |
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Definition
formally called MPD
Most commonly associated with severe childhood sexual abuse
the person avoids the trauma by separating from his/her core personality |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to recall important personal information with respect to an individuals life history. These gaps are usually related to traumatic events |
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Term
|
Definition
| unable to recall some or all of their past. often assumes a new personal identity, with a new name, residence,etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| characterized by disturbance in mood |
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Term
| 2 Most Serious Mood Disorders |
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Definition
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
person remains depressed for most the day, nearly every day. Diminished interest in almost all activities. Feelings of guilt, hopelessness and worthlessness, etc.
15% diagnosed commit suicide. (more likely to attempt during recovery stage) |
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Term
|
Definition
10 people per day commit suicide in Canada
more women attempt, more men are completers-they tend to use more lethal techniques
No single factor can be determined as the cause for suicide |
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Term
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Definition
-aboriginal people and street youth
-abuse of drugs and alcohol
-former mental patients @ high risk
-single people |
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Term
|
Definition
mix of major depression and mania.
prone to outbursts of anger.
exhibit extreme dependence, compulsions or attention-seeking behaviors.
Tend to have excessive optimism, take unnecessary risks and give their belongings away |
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Term
|
Definition
abnormally elevated mood
inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, high energy levels, feelings of grandiosity, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
marked by severe impairment of mental functions.
"reality testing" is defective and interpersonal relationships are totally disrupted
The most severe psychotic disorder schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| grossly disorganized behavior (thought disorder) thoughts are not connected logically. Treatable but not curable. medication is a common form of treatment. Classified into 5 different types. |
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Term
| Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms |
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Definition
| delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations (false sensory perceptions) |
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Term
| Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Schizophrenia: paranoid type |
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Definition
| most common. have delusions and hallucination related to persecution or grandeur |
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Term
| Schizophrenia: Catatonic Type |
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Definition
| severe disturbance in motor behavior. Can become violent or immobile and mute |
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Term
| Schizophrenia: Disorganized Type |
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Definition
| most severe. sever disturbance in thought, behavior and mood |
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Term
| Schizophrenia: Residual Type |
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Definition
| at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person no longer displays prominent symptoms. Evidence that the person still has some schizophrenic disturbance. |
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Term
| Schizophrenia: Undifferentiated Type |
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Definition
| has symptoms of schizophrenia, but does not seem to meet the criteria for one specific type, or may fit into more than one category. |
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Term
|
Definition
| previously listed under "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence" DSM-5 ; category eliminated now listed in specific categories. |
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Term
| Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| persistent pattern of both inattention and hyperactive (impulsive) behavior that is more severe and displayed more frequently than in persons of comparable level of development |
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Term
|
Definition
"pervasive developmental disorders"
impairment in social interaction and communication.
Engage in repetitive, ritualistic behaviors. onset prior to 3 years of age. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person trained in psychological techniques establishes a professional relationship with a patient or client in order to remove or modify disturbing emotional or behavioral problems and promote personal growth and development |
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Term
| What is the causes of problem behavior? (3) |
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Definition
unconscious needs
wishes
conflicts
etc |
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Term
| insight orientated therapy |
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Definition
| make unconscious material conscious |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis: Free Association |
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Definition
| patient reports everything that comes to mind |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis: Interpretation |
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Definition
| analyst makes sense of the patient's feelings, thoughts, etc. |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis: Dream Analysis |
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Definition
| dreams provide clues to unconscious wishes, conflicts, etc. Freud distinguished between Latent and Manifest content of dreams |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis: Working Through |
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Definition
during final stage of psychoanalysis, the patient gains insight and works through/processes their problems
entire process of free association, dream analysis, interpretation, resistance and transference occurs repeatedly. |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis: Resistance |
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Definition
| resists treatment due to anxiety produced by the unconscious when forbidden thoughts are brought close to the conscious level |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis: Transference |
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Definition
| occurs when the patient's emotional feelings of love, hate, anger, etc. originally directed to their parents are transferred to the analyst. |
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Term
| Humanistic Psychotherapies |
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Definition
| treatment should lead to personal growth guide client into feeling |
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Term
| Personal-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
AKA Rogerian Theory - Carl Rogers
help clients clarify their feelings and come to value their own experience of this world and find meaning in their lives |
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Term
| Humanistic Psychotherapists 3 Characteristics |
|
Definition
Unconditional Positive Regard
Congruent
An empathic listener |
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Term
| Humanistic Psychotherapists: Unconditional Positive Regard |
|
Definition
| accepting and non-judgemental |
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Term
| Humanistic Psychotherapists: Congruent |
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Definition
| genuine and honest regarding their own feelings. this helps clients become more aware of their own feelings |
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Term
| Humanistic Psychotherapists: An Empathic Listener |
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Definition
| being aware of how the client is feeling. They mirror the client's feelings so the client can be more aware of them |
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Term
|
Definition
Humanistic therapy.
Fritz Peris.
person is an organized whole, rather than a disjointed collection of emotions, cognition and behaviors
Heighten a client's awareness of the present, while at the same time acting out long-buried emotions |
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Term
|
Definition
| reality as it is experienced at this moment in time. Do not focus on past or future. Therapist constantly draws the client into the present |
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Term
|
Definition
psychological problems are learned behaviors.
environment plays a crucial role in determining our behavioral reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| focuses on changing overt behavior rather than unconscious processes or subjective feelings |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
|
Definition
Wolpe.
impossible to be relaxed and anxious at the same time deep muscle relaxation while introducing the feared situation in gradual steps. ex) fear of flying heirarchy |
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Term
|
Definition
controversial
alcoholism and sex offenders
if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence ex)pain/nausea the response will diminish.
incompatible with human dignity |
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Term
|
Definition
no long lasting effects
used in controlled environment
Tokens for good behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
based on Bandura's observational learning theory. Learn new behaviors/change negative behaviors by observing others.
ex) phobias
primary technique:exposure |
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Term
|
Definition
originally developed to deal with depression
result from distorted or irrational thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
Albert Ellis
people are dysfunctional because of irrational beliefs and assumptions they hold about themselves. Therapist identifies the irrational thought and gets client to challenge the thought with more common-sense thinking. |
|
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy |
|
Definition
Aaron Beck
treatment of depression and anxiety
help client challenge their self-appraisals and come to view themselves more positively and accurately |
|
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Term
|
Definition
help shape group members behavior, models for behavior and support, good use of therapists time.
not allow for in-depth individual work |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| interpersonal relationships. marriage therapy. improve family dynamics by improving communication within the family. attempt to change the "family system" |
|
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Term
| Biologically-Based Therapies |
|
Definition
administering a medication in those with serious mental disorders.
to reduce symptoms of severe depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, etc.
in combination with individual psychotherapy |
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Term
| Bio-medical Therapies: (2) |
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Definition
| frontal lobotomies (rarely used now), electroconvulsive shock therapy (side effects; disorientation and memory-loss.) |
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Term
| Who Benefits from psychology |
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Definition
woman more likely to seek treatment but both sexes benefit equally
Caucasians more likely to seek treatment
higher levels of motivation
adjust better before problem occurred
haveanxiety and situational problems |
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Term
|
Definition
more effective than informal help/no help at all
initial improvement tent to maintain it
characteristics of people more important than the technique used
more effective than drugs alone
one not more effective than the other |
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