Term
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Definition
| cause and effect, but not related. x causes y. if not for x, y wouldn't occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you see a change in one variable, you see a change in the other variable. they're related, statistical relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| We can see if messing with the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable. participants are randomly assigned to contro or experimental groups. the IV is manipulated and the DV is measured. If it works, you can say that the IV causes the DV to change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dependent Variable. This variable cannot be changed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Independent Variable. This variable can be manipulated and changed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Already come in groups (not random assignment IV). This limits ability to say changes in IV caused changes in DV. |
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Term
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Definition
| in many cases, you can't manipulate variables. use this to find out if there are relationships between two variables. No groups, just collection of data. |
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Term
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Definition
Each element has an equal chance of being elected.
Improves statistical techniques, not used often. have a list of everyone in population and you choose who is in your experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
Participants are put in either controlled or experimental groups without choice.
However participants walk in the door, you decide if they'll be in the controlled group or not. |
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Term
| Statistically Significant |
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Definition
| less than 5% that observed distance is due to chance. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes info from brain/spinal cord and directs it back to body (going from the brain out) |
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Term
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Definition
| gather information from the body and directs it towards brain/spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| within brain and spinal cord that communicate with each other and with the motor and sensory neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| a supportive cell in the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal branches of axon, neural impulse, myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell's life support center. |
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Term
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Definition
| receive messages from other cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. |
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Term
| terminal branches of axon |
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Definition
| form junctions with other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| (action potential) electric signal traveling down the axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses. |
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Term
| What are the 6 systems included within the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Central, peripheral, somatic, autonomic, sympathetic, parasympathetic |
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Term
| What is the basic function/part of the Central Nervous System? |
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Definition
| the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| What is the basic function/part of the Peripheral system in the Nervous system? |
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Definition
| sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. |
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Term
| What is the basic function/part of the somatic system in the nervous system? |
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Definition
| part of the peripheral nervous system, it enables voluntary controls of muscles. |
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Term
| What is the basic function/part of the autonomic system within the nervous system? |
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Definition
| part of the Peripheral nervous system, it controls glands and muscles of internal organs. it functions on its own (non-consciously), but can be consciously overridden. |
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Term
| What is the basic function/part of the sympathetic system within the nervous system? |
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Definition
| it arouses and expends energy in the body. |
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Term
| What is the basic function/part of the parasympathetic system within the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the glands in the endocrine system do? |
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Definition
| they secrete hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to the brain and other tissues. they travel slower than neurotransmitters to the brain, but many of them act on the brain in the same way (chemically identical to neurotransmitters). |
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Term
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Definition
| brain region controlling the pituitary gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| affects metabolism, among other things. |
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Term
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Definition
| help regulate the level of calcium in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| "fight-or-flight" response |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates the level of sugar in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes male sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes female sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment. |
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Term
| dual processing definition. |
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Definition
| our minds work in two ways, unconsciously we intuitively make use of information we are not consciously aware of conscious-processes only a small part of all that we experience. NOT THE SAME AS MULTI-TASKING. |
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Term
| selective attention definition |
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Definition
| we only consciously process a fraction of all the bits of information we can perceive at any one moment. (cocktail party effect.) you choose to focus in on the thing you’re focusing on and attend to it. |
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Term
| divided attention definition |
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Definition
| hard to attend to more than one stimuli. trying to do two things at once, there are a lot of failures. like checking facebook and someone said something important in class but you missed it. |
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Term
| know the consequences of sleep deprivation |
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Definition
| suppressed immune system, increased irritability, poorer emotional regulation, worse decision making, worse memory, worse reaction time, cardiac problems, overeating, weight gain, obesity, poor concentration, increased risk of accidents. |
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Term
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Definition
| a continued use of a psychoactive drug. it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect after a while. |
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Term
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Definition
| upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience undesirable effects |
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Term
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Definition
| a craving for a chemical substance. they quickly corrupt, can't be overcome voluntarily, and no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors |
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Term
| know what effect alcohol has on a person's functioning. |
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Definition
| alcohol is a depressant, which reduces neural activity and slows body functions. it affects motor skills, judgment and memory. increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness. |
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Term
| (what are you studying when you compare identical vs fraternal twins? twins raised apart vs. together? etc.) |
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Definition
| twin studies help us figure out what is genetic, and what's environmental influence. if your identical twin gets schizophrenia you will get it, but it would be different if you were fraternal twins. |
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Term
| what are you studying when studying adoption? (and adoption meaning twins raised apart rather than together) |
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Definition
| adoptees are less similar in values, faith, religion, manners, political orientation, and attitudes.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes |
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Term
| what is heritability not? |
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Definition
| it is not an indication that there is a gene or set of genes that determines a trait, not a synonym for "inherited", not applicable to individuals (only to specific populations), not unmodifiable by environmental influences. |
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Term
| what happens to the brains of rats kept in impoverished versus environmentally enriched cages? |
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Definition
| the impoverished rats had small brain cells, while the ones with enriched had bigger, more extensive brain cells. |
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Term
| what are functions of light energy and visual processing? |
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Definition
| wavelength, hue/color, intensity, brightness. |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of the color determined by the wavelength of the light |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of energy in a wave determined by the amplitude. It is related to perceived brightness. |
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Term
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Definition
| as intensity increases or decreases, the color looks more “washed out” or “darkened.” |
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Term
| different parts of the eye (7, with two cells "to know") |
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Definition
cornea, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve, blind spot, fovea.
bipolar cells, ganglion cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| transparent tissue where light enters the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light. |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses the light rays on the retina, transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina. this is called accommodation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons (bipolar, ganglion cells) that process visual information. |
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Term
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Definition
| carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| point where the optic nerve leaved the eye because there are no receptor cells located there. |
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Term
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Definition
| central point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster. |
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Term
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Definition
| receive messages from photoreceptors and transmit them to ganglion cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| converge to form the optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| enables us to estimate an object's distance from us |
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Term
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Definition
| depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| depth cues, such as retinal disparity that depend on the use of two eyes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| be familar with the anatomy of the ear |
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Definition
| outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| collects and sends sounds to the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| chamber between ear drum and cochlea containing 2 tiny bones, that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| tells the body that something has gone wrong. typically results from damage to the skin and other tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| initial learning (responding when conditioned to respond to a stimulus) |
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Term
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Definition
| un-learning (quit responding when condition stimulus is no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus: as in, he just keeps ringing the bell, but there is not food now so they dont come.) |
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Term
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Definition
| reappearance of a weaker conditioned response after a pause. |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing response with things similar to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that is likely to increase the behavior (reward, or removal of punishment.) |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that is likely to decrease the behavior (punishment, removal of reward.) |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning that the actions are voluntary, and tend to increase or decrease depending on the consequences (i choose to come to class because it is such a rewarding experience...) |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning that the actions are voluntary, and tend to increase or decrease depending on the consequences (i choose to come to class because it is such a rewarding experience...) |
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Term
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Definition
| giving something good (cookie) |
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Term
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Definition
| take away something bad (stop whining, stop a headache.) |
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Term
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Definition
| giving something bad (hitting, spanking, whining, yelling) |
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Term
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Definition
| take away something good (no video games, no tv, grounding) |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that persists over time |
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Term
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Definition
| the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious encoding of identical information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the stands that leads to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeatedly imagining non-existent events can create false memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution). |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is defined by what is normal; what is normal depends on the context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the person concerned about his/her behavior (including thoughts, feelings, actions)? |
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Term
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Definition
| Does it interfere with work? Leisure? Is it messing up your life? |
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Term
| Advantages of Diagnosing Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
-Clinicians and family members know what to expect.
-Labels facilitate communication (provide a common language).
-Aids with insurance reimbursement (reduces fraud???) |
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Term
| Disadvantages od Diagnosing Psychological Disorders. |
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Definition
-Preconceptions and stereotypes can bias perception (we see what we expect to see).
-We tend to treat people differently once they are labeled.
-Self-fulfilling prophecies??? |
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Term
| What are identical twins more similar with one another than fraternal twins? |
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Definition
| neuroticism and extroversion; suspectibility to diseases (e.g., alzheimer's). |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare adopted kids to bio parents (genes) and to adoptive parents (environment). |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare identical twins (100% of same genes) raised together vs. Fraternal Twins (about 50% of same genes) raised together. OR identical twins raised together vs. identical twins raised apart. |
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Term
| What percent of genes to humans share with chimpanzees? |
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Definition
| Humans share roughly 96% of their genes with chimpanzees. |
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Term
| What percent of genes to humans share with other humans? |
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Definition
| Humans share 99% of their genes. |
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Term
| Gestalt principles of perception (5) |
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Definition
| similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, and figure & ground. |
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