Term
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Definition
| Encode, store, receive. Constructed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Actively relating new information to pre-existing knowledge. Structural, Phonemic, Semantic, Self-referential |
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Definition
| Storing new information as mental images. Activates left/frontal/occipital lobes. |
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Definition
| Categorizing new information by identifying relationships among items |
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Definition
| The process of maintaning information in memory over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory information lasts a few seconds or less |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-sensory information kept for more than a few seconds, less than a minute. Limited quantity of information, 7 plus or minus 2 units at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeping information in short-term storage by repitition |
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Term
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Definition
| Combining small pieces of info into clusters, ROY G BIV, HOMES |
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Term
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Definition
| Active maintenance of information in short-term storage. Thinking ahead in chess, doing math in your head |
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Term
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Definition
| Enhanced neural processing as a result of strengthening synaptic connections, consistently used pathways become stronger. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to retrieve information acquired before a certain event (Overboard) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to transfer new information to long-term storage (Dory) |
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Term
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Definition
| Details associated with stored info helps bring it back to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrieval is facilitated in environmental contexts similar to when info was encoded |
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Term
| State Dependent retrieval |
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Definition
| Retrieval is facilitated when in the same internal state as when encoded previously |
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Term
| Explicit Memory (Semantic, Episodic) |
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Definition
| Consciously & intentionally retrieving information. Semantic: Facts/general knowledge. Episodic: Personally experienced events. |
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Term
| Implicit Memory (Procedural, Priming) |
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Definition
| Unconscious influence of past behavior. Procedural: Gradual acquisition of behavioral skills as a result of practice or learning. Priming: The automatic influence of recent information leading to biased retrieval, faster recognition of previously seen stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forgetting information with the passage of time. Loss of information levels off after 9 hours. Goes from specific to general |
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Term
| Interference (Retroactive, Proactive) |
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Definition
| Retro: Later learning impairs ability to recall previously learned info. Pro: Earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lapse in attention that results in forgetting |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to retrieve information known to be available, "tip of the tongue" |
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Term
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Definition
| Assigning memory information to the wrong source |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to incorporate misleading information into recollections. Different euphemisms can affect answers to questions |
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Term
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Definition
| The distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect |
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Term
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Definition
| The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that incolves some experience that results in a relative permanent change in the state of learner. Cannot be directly observed, learned is not the opposite of innate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated/prolongued exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reuction in responding |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased responding to repeated/prolonged exposure particularly in contexts that imply danger |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) |
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Definition
| A process of association in which a previous neutral stimulus elicits a new response |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairing of the CS and UR. Most effective when the US immediately follows CS |
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Term
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Definition
| The gradual elimination of a learned response after the US is removed (CS only) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
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Term
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Definition
| If the CS/US are repaired after extinction, the CR is learned considerably faster than first acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| When the CR is observed in the context of a slightly different stimulus (CS) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to distinguish between similar but distint stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Presented with fuzzy animals (CS), paired with loud sounds (US). Soon the CS alone without the US was enough to produce his CR, a fearful reaction. |
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Term
| Amygdala in Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
| Allows you to experience fear/anxiety and form emotional memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to acquire knowledge..conditioning is easier when conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar and without other associations |
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Term
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Definition
| Familiarity with the stimulus hinders new conditioning. A child being present in the acquisition of a bad event doesn't cause parent to respond poorly to presence of child from then on |
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Term
| Evolutionary adaptive process |
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Definition
| Learned food aversions prevent poisoning.. |
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Term
| Evolutionary adaptive process |
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Definition
| Learned food aversions prevent poisoning.. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| Pleasant stimulus is added to encourage behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpleasant stimulus is taken away |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpleasent stimulus is added |
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Term
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Definition
| Pleasant stimulus is taken away |
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Term
| Reinforcement vs. Punishment |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is more effective; punishment doesn't provide feedback on correct behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Satisfy basic biological needs. Food, water, shelter, etc |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| A behavior that gets incrementally closer to the overall desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcing behavior after each response, extinction is quick |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcing behavior only sometimes, extinction is slow |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed ratio, after every 10, etc. Variable ratio, after ever 10,3,8,7,etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed or variable reward after certain amount(s) of time |
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Term
| Role of Dopamine in conditioning |
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Definition
| Increased dopamine secretions when given primary reinforcers after deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| A response is learned but is not manifested as a behavioral change until later |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental representations of the physical features of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs by watching the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs without awareness of the process or product of acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest meaningful unit of language, whole word or prefix/suffix, view (1), preview (2), previewed (3) |
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Term
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Definition
| rules that specify how units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
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Term
| deep structure vs surface structure |
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Definition
| meaning of a sentence vs. how a sentence is worded |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishing sounds, phonemes become culture specific within 6 months after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| words are tied/mapped to concepts after a single exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| simple, two worded sentences/commands |
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Term
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Definition
| words/sentences are immitated then shaped through reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| language influences/reflects the way we think; bilingual speakers report a different "self" when speaking one language or other |
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Term
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Definition
| general comprehension of simple language, but difficulty in producing language |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in understanding language, often produces "correct" but meaningless speech |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representations of objects, events, or people with shared features |
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Term
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Definition
| our best example of a given concept, closer to prototype = better example of a bird |
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Term
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Definition
| examples of specific members of a category, allows for making decisions/distinctions |
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Term
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Definition
| step by step procedure that guarantees an answer |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive shortcut, "rule of thumb" |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden awareness, can facilitate solving future problems |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to see problems with new perspective, functional fixedness: inability to see objects beyond intended purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| false belief that 2 events have greater chance of co-occurring than either event by itself |
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Term
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Definition
| same problem elicits different responses depending upon how its framed |
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Term
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Definition
| when choosing we focus on positive qualities, when rejeting we focus on negative qualities |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| more intelligent people should procreate, inferior people should be discouraged/prevented |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with a specific level of performance |
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Term
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Definition
THEN: mental age/actual age
NOW: test score/average score |
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Term
| two factor theory of intelligence |
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Definition
| performance on different types of intelligence tests are positively but not perfectly correlated |
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Term
| Gardner's multiple intelligences |
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Definition
| linguistic, logical-mathematic, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic |
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Term
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Definition
| IQ > 130, less than 3% of population, biological/environmental causes, more testosterone may mean more competitiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| people of normal intelligence who have extraordinary ability |
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Term
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Definition
| people of low intelligence who have extraordinary abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| explains how much of the differences between people can be explained by genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| The trend of increasing IQ scores from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory awareness/ responsiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| attention directed towards oneself, can lead to more self-consistent behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to change a conscious state of mind |
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Term
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Definition
| monitoring system, checks for unwanted stereotype, but primes the thought; operating system, once found, thought is suppressed; when suppression ends, primed thoughts rebound |
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Term
| Freud's dynamic unconscious |
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Definition
| a person's hidden instincts, fears, desires and memories, must be restrained through defense mechanisms, revealed in dreams, jokes, accidents, misstatements |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental processes that are not experienced but that influence thoughts, emotions, behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle paralysis, sexual arousal, similar to awakened brain activity, everyone dreams several times a night |
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Term
| Freud's approach to dream |
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Definition
| EVERYTHING is sexual. boobs, dicks, vajayjay, sex |
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Term
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Definition
| rehearsal and reconsideration of "important" information |
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Term
| activation-synthesis thoery |
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Definition
| dreams: creating a story out of random brain electricity, senosry and motor neurons get activated. brain uses memories to synthezise a story |
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Term
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Definition
| a 24 hour cycle of physiological processes, peak alertness in morning and evening, influence of jet-lag and light/dark outside, based on evolutionary needs |
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