Term
| What are the goals of Psychology? |
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Definition
| 1. Describe 2. Understand 3. Predict 4. Influence 5. Apply |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological, Psychological, Environmental |
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Term
| Biological Level of Analysis |
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Definition
| brain processes and genetic influences |
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Term
| Psychological Level of Analysis |
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Definition
| our thoughts, feelings, and motives |
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Term
| Environmental Level of Analysis |
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Definition
| past and current physical and social environments to which we are exposed |
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Term
| Example of Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Levels of Analysis - Eating |
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Definition
Biological - various chemicals, neural circuits, and structures in the brain respond to bodily signals and help regulate whether hungry or full
Psychological - moods, food preferences, and motives affect eating (e.g. stress)
Environmental: specific stimuli (food appearances and smells) may trigger eating |
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Term
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Definition
interplay between the psychological and biological levels of analysis.
Nature and nurture interact. |
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Term
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Definition
early philosophers believed that the mind is a spiritual entity.
It implies that no amount of research on the physical body could ever hope to unravel the mysteries of the nonphysical mind |
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Term
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Definition
holds that the mind and body are one; the mind is not a spiritual entity
It implied that the mind could be studied by measuring physical processes within the brain |
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Term
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Definition
held that all ideas and knowledge are gained empirically, through the senses
Observation is more valid than reason (reason has potential for error) |
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Term
| Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory? |
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Definition
| 1879 Wilhelm Wundt (believed the mind could be broken down into its basic components) |
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Term
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Definition
the analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements.
It uses the method of introspection to study sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| held that psychology should study the functions of consciousness rather than its structure |
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Term
| Psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
| searches for the causes of behavior within the inner workings of our personality, emphasizing the role of unconscious processes |
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Term
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Definition
| expressing any thoughts that come to mind |
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Term
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Definition
a form of psychotherapy; the analysis of internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces
*people have powerful inborn sexual and aggressive drives |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed to cope with the powerful inborn sexual and aggressive drives (e.g. repression) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ongoing struggle between our inborn sexual and aggressive drives with the defense mechanisms that help us cope with these drives are dynamic in nature, therefore termed "psychodynamic" |
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Term
| Object relations theories |
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Definition
| Focus on how early experiences with caregivers shape the views that people form of themselves and others |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on the role of the external environment in governing our actions |
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Term
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Definition
school of thought that emphasizes environmental control of behavior through learning
"A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him" - Skinner |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that learning experiences and the environment influence our expectations and other thoughts, and in turn our thoughts influence how we behave |
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Term
| Humanistic perspective (Humanism) |
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Definition
emphasizes free will, personal growth, and the attempt to find meaning in one's existence
*each of us has an inborn force toward self-actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| an inborn force toward reaching one's individual potential |
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Term
| Positive Psychology movement |
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Definition
| emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment, and optimal living |
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Term
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Definition
Examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behavior
*actions are governed by thought |
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Term
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Definition
| the whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the study of mental processes, embodies the cognitive perspective |
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Term
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Definition
uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain-imaging techniques to examine brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks
Such scientists seek to determine how the brain goes about its business of learning language, acquiring knowledge, forming memories, and performing other cognitive activities |
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Term
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Definition
| a cognitive viewpoint that maintains that what we consider "reality" is largely our own mental creation |
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Term
| Sociocultural perspective |
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Definition
| examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| the enduring values, beliefs, behaviors, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| rules (often unwritten) that specify what behavior is acceptable and expected for members of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them |
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Term
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Definition
| explores how culture is transmitted to its members and examines psychological similarities and differences among people from diverse cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| an emphasis on personal goals and self-identity based primarily on one's own attributes and achievements |
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Term
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Definition
| individual goals are subordinated to those of the group and personal identity is defined largely by the ties that bind one to the extended family and other social groups |
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Term
| The biological perspective |
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Definition
| examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behavior, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another |
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Term
| Which is broader - behavioral neuroscience or cognitive neuroscience? |
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Definition
behavioral neuroscience
Behavioral neuroscientists also study the biology of hunger, thirst, sex, body-temperature regulation, emotion, movement, and sensory processes such as vision, hearing, and taste |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| if an inherited trait gives certain members an advantage over others, these members will be more likely to survive and pass these characteristics on to their offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| a growing discipline that seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behavior |
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Term
| what are the steps of the scientific method? |
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Definition
1. identify question of interest
2. hypothesize
3. test hypothesis
4. analyze data
5. build knowlege |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related to one another |
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Term
| What characteristics does a good theory have? |
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Definition
*It incorporates existing knowledge within a broad framework; that is, it organizes information in a meaningful way
*It is testable; it generates new hypotheses whose accuracy can be evaluated by gathering new evidence
*the predictions made by the theory are supported by the findings of new research
*it conforms to the LAW OF PARSIMONY - if two theories can explain and predict the same phenomenon equally well, the simpler theory is the preferred one |
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Term
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Definition
| Any characteristic or factor that can vary |
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Term
| What characteristics does a good theory have? |
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Definition
*It incorporates existing knowledge within a broad framework; that is, it organizes information in a meaningful way
*It is testable; it generates new hypotheses whose accuracy can be evaluated by gathering new evidence
*the predictions made by the theory are supported by the findings of new research
*it conforms to the LAW OF PARSIMONY - if two theories can explain and predict the same phenomenon equally well, the simpler theory is the preferred one |
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Term
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Definition
| Defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it |
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Term
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Definition
| Ask people to report on their own knowledge, feelings, attitudes, experiences, or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than according to how one truly feels or behaves |
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Term
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Definition
| record behavior in a way that keeps participants unaware that they are being observed |
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Term
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Definition
| records or documents that already exist |
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Term
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Definition
| the American Psychological Association |
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Term
| Which 5 broad ethical principles does that APA code set? |
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Definition
1. Beneficence: seeking to benefit other people
2. Responsibility: performing professional duties with utmost care
3. Integrity: being honest and accurate
4. Justice: enhancing all people's access to the benefits of psychological knowledge
5. Respect: respecting people's dignity and rights to confidentiality and self-determination |
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Term
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Definition
before people agree to participate in research, they should be informed about:
*the study's purpose and procedures
*the study's potential benefits
*potential risks to participants
*the right to decline participation and withdraw at any time without penalty
*whether responses will be confidential and, if not, how privacy will be safeguarded |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when participants in a study are misled about the nature of the study; deception is controversial |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeks to identify how humans and other animals behave, particularly in natural settings |
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Term
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Definition
| an in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event |
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Term
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Definition
| the researcher observes behavior as it occurs in a natural setting, and attempts to avoid influencing that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| When disguise is not feasible, people and other animals typically adapt to and ignore the presence of an observer as time passes |
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Term
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Definition
| information about a topic is obtained by administering questionnaires or interviews to many people |
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Term
| What are two key concepts in survey research? |
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Definition
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Term
| Population (Survey research) |
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Definition
| consists of all the individuals who we are interested in drawing a conclusion about |
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Term
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Definition
| a subset of individuals drawn from the larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| one that reflects the important characteristics of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| to obtain a representative sample, researchers typically use a procedure called random sampling, in which every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate in the survey |
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Term
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Definition
1. the researcher measures one variable (X) such as people's birth order
2. the researcher measures a second variable (Y), such as a personality trait
3. the researcher statistically determines whether X and Y are related |
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Term
| Does correlational research measure or manipulate variables? |
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Definition
| Measures, never manipulates |
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Term
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Definition
| two-way causality; variable X (social relationships) has caused variable Y (happiness), that Y caused X, or that both variables influenced each other |
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Term
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Definition
| The association between social relationships and happiness may be artificial, or what scientists call "spurious"..it may be that neither X causes Y nor Y causes X and that in reality it is variable Z that causes something |
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Term
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Definition
| variable Z is responsible for what loks like a relation between X and Y |
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Term
| Can we draw causal conclusions from correlational data? |
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Definition
| no because it may look like there is a direct relationship between X and Y, but in reality it is variable Z that causes X and/or Y to change. |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistic that indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables (variables can be correlated either positively or negatively) |
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Term
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Definition
| higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on another variable |
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Term
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Definition
| higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on another variable |
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Term
| What values do correlation coefficients range from? |
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Definition
| +1.00(perfect positive correlation) to -1.00 (perfect negative correlation) |
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Term
| 3 essential characteristics of an experiment |
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Definition
1. the researcher manipulates (i.e. controls) one or more variables
2. the researcher measures whether this manipulation influences other variables
3. the researcher attempts to control extreneous factors that might influence the outcome of the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| the factor that is measured by the experimenter and that may be influenced by the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| The group that receives a treatment or an active level of the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Is not exposed to the treatment or receives a zero-level of the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which the order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the others |
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Term
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Definition
| Represents the degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| means that two variables are intertwined in such a way that we cannot determine which one has influenced a dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a substance that has no pharmacological effect |
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Term
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Definition
| people receiving a treatment show a change in behavior because of their expectations, not because the treatment itself had any specific benefit |
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Term
| Experimenter expectancy effects |
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Definition
| refers to the subtle and unintentional ways researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner consistent with the researcher's hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| both participant and experimenter in a procedure are kept blind as to which experimental condition the participant is in |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated |
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Term
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Definition
| allow us to summarize and describe the characteristics of a set (or distribution) of data |
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Term
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Definition
| The most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| the point that divides a distribution of scores in half when those scores are arranged in order from lowest to highest |
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Term
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Definition
| the arithmetic average of a set of scores |
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Term
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Definition
| capture the degree of variation, or spread, in a distribution of scores |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| takes into account how much each score in a distribution differs from the mean |
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Term
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Definition
| tell us how confident we can be in making inferences about a population based on findings obtained from a sample |
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Term
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Definition
| means that it is very unlikely that a particular finding occurred by chance alone |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic |
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Term
| Pseudoscientific misinformation |
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Definition
| bunk and psychobabble that is made to sound scientific |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific genetic makeup of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual's observable characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a double-stranded and tightly coiled molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the DNA portion of the chromosome carries the biological units of heredity (traits) |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the particular characteristic that it controls will be displayed |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristic will not show up unless the partner gene inherited from the other parent is also recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| a number of gene pairs combine their influences to create a single phenotypic trait |
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Term
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Definition
| study how heredity and environmental factors influence psychological characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers study relatives to determine if genetic similarity is related to similarity on a particular trait |
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Term
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Definition
| people who were adopted early in life are compared on some characteristic with both their biological parents, with whom they share their genetic endowment, and with their adoptive parents, with whom they share no genes |
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Term
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Definition
| compare trait similarities in identical and fraternal twins |
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Term
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Definition
| identical twins; develop from one egg |
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Term
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Definition
| Fraternal twins; come from two fertilized eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| aka trait similarity; the likelihood that two people share the same characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| estimates the extent to which the differences, or variation, in a specific phenotypic characteristic within a group of people can be attributed to their differing genes |
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Term
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Definition
| a response to changing environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction to the circumstances of our lives |
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Term
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Definition
| how a behavior influences an organism's chances of survival and reproduction in its natural environment |
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Term
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Definition
an instinctive behavior; an unlearned response automatically triggered by a particular stimulus
e.g. herring gull red dot pecking |
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Term
| In which two ways does the environment shape our behavior? |
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Definition
1. Species adaptation
2. Personal adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| People who reside in a shared environment experience many of their features in common |
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Term
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Definition
| experiences that are unique to us |
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Term
| What are the "Big Five" that account for the individual differences in personality? |
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Definition
1. Extraversion-Introversion (sociable, outgoing, adventuresome, spontaneous vs quite, aloof, inhibited, solitary)
2. Agreeableness (cooperation, helpful, good-natured vs. antagonistic, uncooperative, suspicious)
3. Conscientiousness (responsible, goal-directed, dependable vs. undependable, careless, irresponsible)
4. Neuroticism (worrying, anxious, emotionally unstable vs. well-adjusted, secure, calm)
5. Openness to Experience (imaginative, artistically sensitive, refined vs. unreflective, crude and boorish, lacking in intellectual curiosity |
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Term
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Definition
provides one useful framework for understanding gene-environmental interactions;
the reaction range for a genetically influenced trait is the range of possibilities - the upper and lower limits - that the genetic code allows |
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Term
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Definition
| a child's genetically influenced behaviors may evoke certain responses from others |
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Term
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Definition
| altering a specific gene in a way that prevents it from carrying out its normal function because that particular function of the gene is knocked out, or eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
| inserting a new gene into an animal during the embryonic stage and studying its impact on behavior |
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Term
| innate biologically based mechanisms |
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Definition
| enable us to take in, process, and respond to information, predisposing us to behave, to feel, and even think in certain ways; inborn capacities |
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Term
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Definition
| a change over time in the frequency with which particular genes - and the characteristics they produce - occur within an interbreeding population |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic variations that arise in a population; random events and accidents in gene reproduction during the divisions of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction within a particular environment will be more likely to be preserved in the population and therefore will become more common in the species over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutral variations that neither facilitate nor impede fitness to be preserved in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| physical or behavioral changes taht allow organisms to meet recurring environmental challenges to their survival, thereby increasing their reproductive ability |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultures may themselves be the product of biological mechanisms that evolved to meet specific adaptation challenges faced by specific groups of people in specific places at specific times |
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Term
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Definition
| the expression of inborn biological tendencies that have evolved through natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
mating strategies and preferences reflect inherited tendencies, shaped over the ages in response to different types of adaptive problems that men and women faced
aka "parental investment theory" |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain that men and women display different mating preferences not because nature impels them to do so, but because society guides them into different social roles |
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Term
| Evolutionary personality theory |
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Definition
| looks for the origin of presumably universal personality traits in the adaptive demands of our species' evolutionary history |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that multiple - even contradictory - behavioral strategies( for example introversion and extraversion) might be adaptive in certain environments and would therefore be maintained through natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic building blocks of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body, dendrites, and an axon |
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Term
| The cell body of the neuron |
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Definition
| aka "soma"; contains the biochemical structures needed to keep the neuron alive, and its nucleus carries the genetic info that determines how the cell develops and functions |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized receiving units like antennae that collect messages from neighboring neurons and send them on to the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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Term
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Definition
| support neurons by surrounding neurons and holding them in place; manufacture nutrient chemicals that neurons need; absorb toxins and waste materials that would damage or kill neurons |
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Term
| What two things do neurons do? |
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Definition
1. Generate electricity that creates nerve impulses
2. release chemicals that allow them to communicate with other neurons and with muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| electrically charged atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| large negatively charged protein molecules (A-) |
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Term
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Definition
| (K+) found inside the neuron, along with anions |
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Term
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Definition
The internal difference of around 70 millivolts (mV); the high concentration of sodium ions in the fluid outside the cell, together with the negatively charged protein ions inside, results in an uneven distribution of positive and negative ions that makes the interior of the cell negative compared to the outside
At rest, the neuron is in a state of polarization |
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Term
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Definition
the electrical shift caused by stimulating the neuron's axon that shifts the interior voltage from -70 millivolts to +40 millivolts and lasts for about 1/1000 of a second
aka nerve impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| when positively charged sodium ions flood into the axon by being attracted by the negative protein ions inside, a state of depolarization is created |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| the membrane is not excitable and cannot discharge another impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| action potentials occur at a uniform and maximum intensity, or they do not occur at all |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in the negative resting potential that do not reach the +50 millivolt action potential threshold are called this |
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Term
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Definition
| a whitish, fatty insulation layer derived from glial cells during development |
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Term
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Definition
| are gray in color; aka gray matter |
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Term
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Definition
| places where the myelin is either extremely thin or absent |
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Term
| What effects can damage to the myelin coating have? |
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Definition
| tragic ones - increasingly jerky or uncoordinated movements, and in the final stages paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| a tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron meaning neurons do not physically ouch each other (questions how communication between neurons occurs) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances that carry messages across the synaptic space to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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Term
| The 5 steps of chemical communication between neurons |
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Definition
1. synthesis: the transmitter molecules are formed inside the neuron
2. storage: the molecules are then stored in synaptic vesicles
3. release: the molecules are released into the fluid-filled space between the axon of the presynaptic neuron and the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
4. binding: the molecules cross the synaptic space and bind themselves to receptor sites
5. deactivation: once a neurotransmitter molecule binds itself to its receptor, it continues to excite or inhibit the neuron until it is deactivated, or shut off |
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Term
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Definition
| chambers within the axon terminals where transmitter molecules are stored after being synthesized and before being released into the fluid-filled space between the axon of the presynaptic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large protein molecules embedded in the receiving neuron's cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| when this transmitter is at work, the chemical reaction causes the postsynaptic neuron's sodium channels to open. As sodium ions flood into the cell and depolarize it, they create either a graded potential or an action potential as just described |
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Term
| inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| does the opposite of an excitatory transmitter - it may cause positive potassium ions to flow out of the neuron or negative chloride ions from the exterior to flow into it through chloride channels in the membrane, increasing the neuron's negative potential and making it harder to fire the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| a deactivation mechanism in which the transmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic axon terminals |
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Term
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Definition
a neurotransmitter involved in muscle activity and memory
underproduction: Alzheimer's
absence: paralysis
oversupply: violent muscle contractions and convulsions |
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Term
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Definition
| these bacteria block the release of ACh from the axon terminal, resulting in a potentially fatal paralysis of the muscles, including those of the respiratory system |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitters that have a more widespread and generalized influence on synaptic transmission
They circulate through the brain and either increase or decrease (modulate) the sensitivity of thousands, perhaps millions, of neurons to their specific transmitters |
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Term
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Definition
one of the best known neuromodulators
travel through the brain's circulatory system and inhibit pain transmission while enhancing neural activity that produces pleasurable feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that produce alterations in consciousness, emotion, and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
a drug that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter
it can...
1. enhance a neuron's ability to synthesize, store, or release neurotransmitters
2. mimic the action of a neurotransmitter by binding with and stimulating postsynaptic receptor sites
3. bind with and stimulate postsynaptic receptor sites
4. make it more difficult for neurotransmitters to be deactivated, such as by inhibiting reuptake |
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Term
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Definition
a drug that inhibits or decreases the action of a neurotransmitter.
it can...
1. reduce a neuron's ability to sunthesize, store, or release neurotransmitters
2. prevent a neurotransmitter from binding with the postsynaptic neuron by fitting into and blocking the receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
| Alochol...agonist or antagonist? |
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Definition
both. As an agonist it stimulates the activity of the inhibitory transmitter GABA, thereby depressing neural activity
As an antagonist, it decreases the activity of glutamate, an excitatory transmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| carry input messages form the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit output impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the body's muscles and organs |
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Term
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Definition
link the input and output functions
perform connective or associative functions within the nervous system.
they outnumber the sensory and motor neurons by a lot. |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| contains all the neral structures that lie outsside of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of sensory neurons that are specialized to transmit messages from the eyes, ears, and other sensory receptors, and motor neurons that send messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles that control voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| inside the brain and spinal cord, nerves are called tracts |
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senses the body's internal functions and controls the glands and the smooth (involuntary) muscles that form the heart, the blood vessels, and the lining of the stomach and intestines
consists of two subdivisions - sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| has an activation or arousal function and it tends to act as a total unit |
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| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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| In general, it slows down body processes and maintains a state of tranquility |
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| a delicately balances or constant internal state |
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| contains the brain and the spinal cord, which connects most parts of the peripheral nervous system with the brain |
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| measure verbal and nonverbal behaviors of people who may have suffered brain damage through accident or disease |
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| measures the activity of large groups of neurons through a series of large electrodes places on the scalp |
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| Computerized Axial tomography (CT or CAT) scans |
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| use X-ray technology to study brain structures |
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| creates images bsed on how atoms in living tissue respond to a magnetic pulse deliivered by the device |
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| Positron-emission tomography (PET) scans |
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| measure brain activity, including metabolism, blood flow, and neurotransmitter activity |
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| can produce pictures of blood flow in the brain taken less than a second apart |
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| the lowest and most primitive level of the brain |
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| a portion of the hindbrain attached to the brain stem that coordinated fine muscle movement and balance; plays a role in learning and memory |
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| supports vital life functions. it includes the medulla and the pons |
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| plays an important role in vital body functions such as heart rate and respiration |
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| lies just above the medulla and carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of the nervous system |
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| contains clusters of sensory and motor neurons |
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| acts as a kind of sentry, both alerting higher centers of the brain that messages are coming and then either blocking those messages or allowing them to go forward |
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| the brain's most advanced portion from an evolutionary standpoint |
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| consists of two large hemispheres, a left and a right side, that wrap around the brain stem as the two halves of a cut grapefruit might wrap around a spoon |
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| thin covering of the forebrain |
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| located above the midbrain and has sometimes been likened to a switchboard that organizes inputs from sensory organs and routes them to the appropriate areas of the brain |
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| "under the thalamus" consists of tiny groups of neuron cell bodies that lie at the base of the brain, above the roof of the mouth; plays a role in many aspects of motivation and emotion, including sexual behavior, temperature regulation, sleeping, eating, drinking, and aggression |
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| the body's collection of hormone=producing gands |
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| the master gland that exerts control over the other glands of the endocrine system |
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| helps coordinate behaviors needed to satisfy motivational and emotional urges that arise in the hypothalamus; it is involved in memory |
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| involved in forming and retrieving memories |
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| organizes motivational and emotional response patterns, particularly those linked to aggression and fear |
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| a 1/4 inch thick sheet of gray (unmyelinated) cells that form the outermost layer of the human brain |
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