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| One-celled organism (union of sperm & egg) |
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| Results whem zygote begins dividing |
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| Environmental factors that can disrupt healthy neural development; lead, alcohol, cigarette smoke, pesticides, herbicides |
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| interferes with NS development before and after birth. Increased exposure, IQ decreases. |
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| contents in the mind that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs. |
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| Analogical representation |
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| An idea that share some of the actual characteristics of the object it represents; picture, drawing. |
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| mental representations that resemble the objects they represent by directly reflecting the perceptual qualities of the thing represented. |
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| a mental representation standing for some content w/o sharing any characteristics with the thing it represents. |
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| thinking aimed at a particular goal |
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| process of extrapolating from evidence to draw conclusion |
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| strategy for making judgments quickly at the price of occasional mistakes |
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| strategy for how freq something happens or how common it is based on how easily examples of it come to mind |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| strategy for judging whether individ, object, or event belongs in certain category based on how typical of the category it seems; assuming representative |
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| proposal that judgment involves 2 types of thinking, a fast, efficient sometimes faulty set of strategies and a slower more laborous but less risky set of strategies. |
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| Fast efficient, sometimes faulty |
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| slower more effortful but more accurate |
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| the preocess of figuring out implications of particular beliefs |
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| tendency to take evid consistent with personal beliefs more seriously than evid inconsistent with your beliefs |
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| logic problem containing 2 premises and conclusion; syllogism valid if conclusion follows logically from premises. |
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| way decision is phrased or way options are described; can influence decision by changing point of reference |
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| strong tendency to regard losses as considerably more important than gains, tendency to take steps to avoid possible loss |
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| predicting one's emotional response to upcoming events |
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| finding option good enough, not best or worst |
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| inference about what caused persons behavior; why did s/he do that |
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| attributions that explain someone's behavior in terms of the curcumstances rather than aspects of the person |
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| dispositional attributions |
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| attributions that explains someone's behaviors in terms of factors; internal to person (traits, preferences) |
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| cultures in which people are fundamentally independent, fulfill indiv goals |
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| cultures in which people are considered fundamentally interdependent, emphasize obligations w/i one's family and immediate community |
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| fundamental attributions error |
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tendency to attribute behaviors to a person's internal qualities while underestimating situational influences
Example: hobos are hobos because they are lazy (: |
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| implicit theories of personality |
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| beliefs about what kinds of behaviors are associated with particular traits and which traits usually go together used to develop expectations |
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| schemas that are often negative used to characterize complex groups of people |
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| negative attitude towards other person based on that other person's group membership |
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| outgroup homogeneity effect |
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| tendency for member of group (ingroup) to view members of another group (outgroup) as all alike or less varied than the members of his/her own group |
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| self fulfilling prophecies |
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| beliefs about how person will behave that will actually make the expected behavior more likely |
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| 3rd -8th week of prenatal development |
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| tubular struct. formed early in embryonic stage from which CNS (brain, spinal cord) develops. |
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| 2mos - birth. Rapid body growth, multiplication of brain cells, maturing respiratory and digestive system. |
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| developmental disorder affects children whose mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy; effects include psychological range of problems & phys abnormalities |
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| infantile reflex in which infant closes hand into fist when palm is touched |
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| in an infant, sucking elicited by stroking applied on or around the lips; reflex aids breast feeding |
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| infantile reflex infant sucks on whatever is placed in its mouth |
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| an Piaget's theory period of cognitive development from birth to ~2yrs, in which child hsdn't yet achieved objective permanence |
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| conviction that object exists even when it is out of sight. piaget believed infants didn't develop this level of ounderstanding until the age of @ least 8mos. |
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| tendency of infants to reach for a hidden object where it was previously hidden (place A), rather than where it was hidden most recently while child watched |
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| in piaget's theory, developing child's process of interpreting the environ in terms of schemas he already has |
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| in piaget's theory, developing child's process of changing the schemas based on his inteeractions with the environ |
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| in piaget's theory, period from ~2-7 yo in which child can think representationally but can't yet relate representations to each other or take a point of view other than its own. |
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| concrete operational period |
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| (Piaget) period in ~7-12 child begins to understant abstract ideas such as number and substance but only as they apply to real concreate events |
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| method for studying infant perception. after some exposure to stimulus, infant becomes habituated and stops paying attention to it. If infant shows renewed interest when new stimulus is presented, this reveals that the infant regards the new stimulus as different from the old one. |
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| set of interrelated concepts we use to make sense of our own thoughts, feelings and behaviors as well as those of others |
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| process of using others' facial expressions as cue about the situation |
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| strong enduring emotional bond between child and caregivers that some psychologists considered a basis for relationships later in life |
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| (john bowlby) Relationship in which child feels safe and protected |
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| in many species, the learned attachment formed at particularly early period |
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| Experimental procedure for assessing attachment, in which child allowed to explore unfamiliar room with mother present before mother leaves for few minutes then returns. |
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| set of beliefs and expectations about how people behave in social relationships, also guidelines for interpreting others' actions and habitual responses to make in social settings |
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| Pattern of emotional behavior; provides core for baby's developing personality |
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| zone of proximal development |
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| range of accomplishments that are beyond what the child can do on her own, but that she can achieve with help or guidance |
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| formal operational period |
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| (Piaget) period from ~12 yo - on in which hold can think abstractly & consider hypothetical possibilities |
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| identity vs role confusion |
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| (Erikson) Adolescents developing stable ego identity, or sense of who one is. Failure results in developing a negative identity or role confusion. |
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| Degenerative brain disorder characterized by memory loss followed by increasing disorientation & culminating in physical and mental helplessness. |
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| (Erikson) Major developmental task in early adulthood developing intimate relationships. Failure may lead to isolation. |
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| Generativity vs Stagnation |
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| (Erikson) Major developmental task of later adulthood is finding meaning in one's work, which produces a sense of generativity. Failure leads to sense of stagnation. |
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| (Erikson) Major developmental task of older age finding meaning in life one has lead. Success gives rise to sense of intergrity, where as failure leads to despair. |
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| Effect of too many options/flexibility? |
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| Less satisfaction; more choices, more comparison. |
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| Going beyond what is actually known w/ some risk conclusion will be mistaken. |
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| First 2 wks. Fertilization creates zygote; rapid cell division occurs. Many zygotes do not complete complete process. |
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| Obstacles to quality decision making. Affected by framing, inaccurate prediction of own dis/likes, wanting choice & flexibility but less content w/ decision. |
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| Don't assert authority, lenient. |
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| Strict standards but do NOT explain "why". |
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| Rules of conduct enforced & responds to child's opinion and reasonable requests. |
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| Lower parental status associated with less involvement. |
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