Term
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Definition
| Change in an organism's behaviour or thought as a result of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
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Term
| Classical (Pavlonian or Respondent) Conditioning |
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Definition
| Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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Term
| Conditional Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| Initially neutral stimulus which, after conditioning, elicits a condition response (CR) |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| Stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| Automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| Response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus as a result of conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden re-emergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which conditioned stimuli that are similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| Displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to an already familiar stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned Compensatory Response |
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Definition
| A CR that is the opposite of the UCR and serves to compensate for the UCR |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual attraction to nonliving things |
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Term
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Definition
| An apparent conditioned response that actually turns out to be an unconditioned response to the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle asserting that if, in the presence of a certain stimulus, a behaviour results in a satisfying reward, that behaviour is more likely to occur in the presence of that stimulus in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| Grasping the nature of a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours to be recorded unsupervised |
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Term
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Definition
| Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus (what we would usually think of as a pleasant stimulus) following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a stimulus (what we would usually think of as an unpleasant stimulus) following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus associated with the availability of reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour, resulting in slower extinction than if the behaviour had been reinforced continually |
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Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Pattern by which a behaviour is reinforced |
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Term
| Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses |
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Term
| Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses |
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Term
| Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a specified time interval |
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Term
| Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a variable number of responses, with the number varying randomly around some average |
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Term
| Variable Interval (VI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a variable time interval, with the actual intervals varying randomly around some average |
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Term
| Sharing by Successive Approximations |
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Definition
| Conditioning a new target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle that a less frequently performed behaviour can be strengthened by reinforcing it with a more frequent behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects and events that have become reinforcers because of their association with other reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects and events that are naturally reinforcing |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that's not directly observable |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental representations of how a physical space is organized |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning by watching others |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated with equally well with any unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviour following repeated reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals' preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information |
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