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Psychology 1001 - Learning
N/A
47
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/07/2010

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Term
Learning
Definition
Change in an organism's behaviour or thought as a result of experience
Term
Habituation
Definition
Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
Term
Classical (Pavlonian or Respondent) Conditioning
Definition
Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
Term
Conditional Stimulus (CS)
Definition
Initially neutral stimulus which, after conditioning, elicits a condition response (CR)
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
Stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning
Term
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Definition
Automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
Response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus as a result of conditioning
Term
Acquisition
Definition
Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established
Term
Extinction
Definition
Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
Sudden re-emergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
Process by which conditioned stimuli that are similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response
Term
Stimulus Discrimination
Definition
Displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus
Term
Higher-Order Conditioning
Definition
Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
Term
Higher-Order Conditioning
Definition
Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
Term
Higher-Order Conditioning
Definition
Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
Term
Latent Inhibition
Definition
Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to an already familiar stimulus
Term
Conditioned Compensatory Response
Definition
A CR that is the opposite of the UCR and serves to compensate for the UCR
Term
Fetishism
Definition
Sexual attraction to nonliving things
Term
Pseudoconditioning
Definition
An apparent conditioned response that actually turns out to be an unconditioned response to the stimulus
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Principle asserting that if, in the presence of a certain stimulus, a behaviour results in a satisfying reward, that behaviour is more likely to occur in the presence of that stimulus in the future
Term
Insight
Definition
Grasping the nature of a problem
Term
Skinner Box
Definition
Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours to be recorded unsupervised
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
The presentation of a stimulus (what we would usually think of as a pleasant stimulus) following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
The removal of a stimulus (what we would usually think of as an unpleasant stimulus) following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour
Term
Punishment
Definition
Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour
Term
Discriminative Stimulus
Definition
Stimulus associated with the availability of reinforcement
Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition
Only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour, resulting in slower extinction than if the behaviour had been reinforced continually
Term
Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
Pattern by which a behaviour is reinforced
Term
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses
Term
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses
Term
Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a specified time interval
Term
Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a variable number of responses, with the number varying randomly around some average
Term
Variable Interval (VI) Schedule
Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a variable time interval, with the actual intervals varying randomly around some average
Term
Sharing by Successive Approximations
Definition
Conditioning a new target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target
Term
Premack Principle
Definition
Principle that a less frequently performed behaviour can be strengthened by reinforcing it with a more frequent behaviour
Term
Secondary Reinforcers
Definition
Objects and events that have become reinforcers because of their association with other reinforcers
Term
Primary Reinforcers
Definition
Objects and events that are naturally reinforcing
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning that's not directly observable
Term
Cognitive Maps
Definition
Mental representations of how a physical space is organized
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning by watching others
Term
Mirror Neurons
Definition
Cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action
Term
Equipotentiality
Definition
Assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated with equally well with any unconditioned stimulus
Term
Preparedness
Definition
Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value
Term
Instinctive Drift
Definition
Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviour following repeated reinforcement
Term
Learning Styles
Definition
Individuals' preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information
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