Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Explanation for natural findings. lots of evidence. general explanation. |
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Definition
| Seek out information to confirm or support something we already believe. |
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Definition
False science, no real evidence.
- Ad hoc immunization
- Lack of self correction
- Exaggerated claims
- Over-reliance on anectodes |
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Definition
| Perceive patterns in the world where there are none. |
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Definition
Emotional reasoning
Bandwagon fallacy
"Not me" fallacy |
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Definition
Opportunity cost
Direct harm |
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Term
| Thinking scientifically as citizens can... |
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Definition
| safeguard against errors to which we are prone. |
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Definition
| consider carefully, evaluate claims with open mind but insist or persuasive evidence before accepting. |
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Definition
| Evaluate claims with an open mind. |
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Term
| Elements of Critical thinking |
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Definition
1) Ruling out rival hypothesis
2) Correlation vs causation
3) Falsifiability
4) Replicability
5) Extraordinary claims
6) Occam's razor |
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Term
| Occam's razor (part of Critical Thinking) |
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Definition
| The simpler explanation is usually better |
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Term
| Ruling out rival hypothesis (part of Critical Thinking) |
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Definition
| My findings may rule but are there alternate hypothesis |
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Term
| Correlation vs causation (part of Critical Thinking) |
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Definition
| Does A causes B? just because A & B are related does not mean they caused each other |
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Term
| Falsiafiability (part of Critical Thinking) |
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Definition
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Term
| Replicability (part of Critical Thinking) |
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Definition
| Able to duplicate, if findings true, there should be others. |
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| Extraordinary claims (part of Critical Thinking) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Method were trained observers reflect and report on their mental experiences |
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Term
| Perspectives of psychology |
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Definition
- Structuralism
- Functionalism
- Behaviorism
- Cognitivism
- Psychoanalysis |
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Term
| Structuralism (Perspective of psychology) |
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Definition
| Elements of mind, structures of psychology, maps of consciousness. |
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Term
| Functionalism/Evolutionary(Perspective of psychology) |
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Definition
| Psychology meets Darwin, functions of psychological characteristics, thoughts, feelings and behaviors |
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Term
| Behaviorism (Perspective of psychology) |
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Definition
| laws of learning, school of behaviorism, learning human and animal behavior |
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Term
| Cognitivism (Perspective of psychology) |
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Definition
| Opening the black box, our interpretations are determinants of our behaviors |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis (Perspective of psychology) |
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Definition
| The depths of the unconscious, impulses, thoughts and memories of which we are aware. |
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Definition
| experiments... allow cost-and-effect inferences, High in internal validity low in external. |
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Definition
| variable that the experimenter manipulates |
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Definition
| variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect |
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Definition
| group of participants that does not receive manipulation in an experiment |
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Definition
| improvement received from the mere expectation of improvement |
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Definition
| variable that correlates (directly or inversely) with the dependent or independent variable |
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Definition
| ensure every person in a population to an equal chance to be able to participate |
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Definition
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| Correlation research design |
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Definition
| help to predict behavior, 2 variables are associated, do not allow us to infer causation |
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Definition
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Definition
| (Control) research design that examines one person or small group in depth, often over extended period of time. |
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Definition
| watch behaviors in real world settings, no manipulation, high external validity, low internal |
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Definition
| general view, look closely examine |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which a measure assesses what it appears to measure. |
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Definition
| consistency of measurement |
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Term
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Definition
| process to develop and implement standards |
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Term
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Definition
| application of math's to describe and analyze data |
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Definition
| how far each data point i from the median |
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Term
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Definition
| number of errors - standard deviation |
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Term
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Definition
| (Control) research design that examines one person or small group in depth, often over extended period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
- Soma (cell body)
- Axon
- Myelin sheat
- Dendrites
- Terminal branches of Axon
- Nodes of ranvier |
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Definition
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Definition
| part of neuron, contains things we need to survive, |
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Term
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Definition
| part of neuron, Where nerve impulse travels from cell body to end of cell |
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Definition
| part of neuron, isolate axon so electrical signal travels faster |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of neuron, receives signals from other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| part of neuron where impulses regenerate as it travels (to continue traveling) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells communicate via neurotransmitters at synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters
- Resting
- Depolarization
- Re-polarization
- Hyperpolarized |
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Term
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Definition
| Na (+) channels open, (diffuse) Na rush into axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Na (+) channels close and K (-) open |
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Term
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Definition
| Refractory period, time during each and other action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| the non neuron cell in nervous system, formation of myelin and blood brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris and enhances learning and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinate axons of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| raps synapse to control signaling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory released by microglia cells |
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Term
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Definition
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| motor functioning, language, memory and planning |
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Term
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Definition
| touch and perception, up middle behind frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing understanding language and memory, lower part |
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Definition
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Definition
| interprets spoken & written language, part of temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of speech, front lobe |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| emotional process, anger and fear |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking, planning language, part of frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| conveys sensory info to cortex, all except smell |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 "F", flight, fight, food and sex |
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Definition
| coordination and muscle memory |
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Term
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Definition
| top of spinal cord, autonomic functions. |
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Definition
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Definition
| motor movements part of frontal lobe |
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Definition
| touch, info about body touch |
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Definition
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Definition
| emotional center of brain, smell, motivation, memory |
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Term
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Definition
| change of moods, damage frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messenger neurons use to communicate with each other, |
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Term
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Definition
| main exitatory neuron receptor, stops action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Main inhibitory, fires action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| learning memory, motor function, sleep and wake stuff. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
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Definition
| conservation species 3 "f" also reward |
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Term
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Definition
| Mood & temperature, aggression & sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain arousal, mood hunger sleep |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
protect our brain
- Dura matter
- Arachnoid matter
- Subarachnoid space
- Cerebral spinal fluid
- Pia matter |
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Term
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Definition
| part of meninges, thick tough layer under skull |
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Term
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Definition
| thin filmy thing, creates space between dura matter and pia matter |
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Term
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Definition
| space between pia and arachnoid, space for cerebral spinal fluid to circulate. |
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Term
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Definition
| cushion to brain, distribute nutrients, detoxes brain, it is produce at choroid plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| wraps the brain, directly in contact with it. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interpretation of physical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain interpretation of physical energy |
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Term
| Just noticeable difference |
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Definition
| (change) smallest change in intensity that we can detect, smallest change from existing stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| (ratio) the stronger the stimuli the bigger the change needed for change in stimulus intensity to be noticeable |
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Term
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Definition
| sensor modality, stops reacting, example of pool, it is cold at first then we adapt. |
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Term
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Definition
| selecting what stimuli we will pay attention among others |
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Term
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Definition
| pay attention to important stimuli and ignore others |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to pick up important message, like our name on a conversation that does not involve us. supports filter theory. |
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Term
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Definition
- Iris
- Lens
- Pupil
- Cornea -- Mypia & Hyperopia
- Retina
- Optic nerve -- blind spot
- Rods & cone
- Optic chiasm
- Optic tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Color part, muscle, controls how much light goes to pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| projects light into retina, it is flexible |
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Term
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Definition
| Hole in Iris, lets light in the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer layer of eye, focus light at back of eye, it is rigid, don't change shape quickly, may change over life spam. |
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Term
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Definition
| converts light into neural activity, contains receptors rods & cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| nearsighted, cornea to curved light focus in front of retina instead of in retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| far-sighted, flatted cornea, we can not get a point of focus |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors in retina, black & white, low resolution vision, good detecting movement, night vision |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors in retina, color vision, high resolution, not good detecting movement, day vision |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve that travels from retina to brain |
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Term
| why we have a blind spot? |
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Definition
| no rods, no cones, where optic nerve connects with retina, need space, |
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Term
| Trichromatic theory of color vision |
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Definition
| 3 different types of cones, each for each color red, blue, green. |
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Term
| Opponent process theory of color vision |
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Definition
| not 3 types of cones, lots of them and they turn off different colors, perceive colors in terms of 3 pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sends signal to visual part of thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
- Pinna
- Auditory canal
- Tympanic membrane
- Ossicles - hammer, anvil, stirrup
- Oval window
- Cochlea -- basilar membrane
tectorial membrane
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Term
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Definition
| Outer ear, shapes sound waves into ear canal |
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Term
| Auditory canal or ear canal |
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Definition
| conducts sound waves to eardrum |
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Term
| Tympanic membrane or eardrum |
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Definition
| sound waves hit on tympanic membrane and make it vibrate and pushes the ossicles, belong to middle ear |
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Term
| Ossicles (hammer, anvil & stirrup) |
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Definition
| 3 tiny tinniest bones in the body, they vibrate at frequency of sound waves and transmit to oval window, belongs to middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Ossicles carry vibration s to oval window then to cochlea belongs to middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| where transduction happens, bottom of cochlea, hair cells convert acoustic info into action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| little hairs at base of basilar membrane, hairs at base exited at high pitch, hairs at top exited at low pitch |
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Term
| Tonotopic organization of basilar membrane & auditory cortex |
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Definition
| tone base organization is the homunculus of the auditory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| ceiling of cochlea (top part) |
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Term
| how does our ability to hear pitch overtime change? |
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Definition
| decreases, young people hear higher pitch |
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Term
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Definition
Balance
Cochlea -- semicircular canals
otoliths -- Otoliths membrane
Hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| little crystals in inner ear, susceptible to gravity, inside cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| full with fluid, get us balanced, inside cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis - Fashia
Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini Corpusle |
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Term
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Definition
| (belongs to somatosensation) covers all body, organ, no blood supply, |
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Term
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Definition
| (belongs to somatosensation) below epidermis, connects to epidermis with sensory nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| (belongs to somatosensation) fashia that connects dermis to muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adapt slow, high activate, sense pain, temperature & texture. lots on fingertprints not so many on back |
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Definition
| slow activate, adapt quick. little nerves on root of skin hair, sweater example |
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Term
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Definition
| Light touch, quick adaptation, low threshold, when somebody touches you gently |
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Term
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Definition
| deep pressure, low threshold, hard hit example, moreton |
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Term
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Definition
| when skin stretches or bends, low adaptation and low threshold, glue on skin example. |
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Term
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Definition
| interpretation (stimuli) influenced by cognitive process, previous experience examples |
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Term
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Definition
| Looking at components with no clues of the big picture |
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Term
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Definition
| rules of how we perceive objects as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| gestalt - tendency to group things as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| gestalt - group similar objects as continuous |
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Term
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Definition
| gestalt - perceive objects as continuous |
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Term
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Definition
| gestalt - even where there are gaps, we perceived them as whole |
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Term
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Definition
| gestalt - interpret background and foreground as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
Relative size
Texture-gradient
Interposition
Linear perspective
Height in a plane
Light in shadow
Relative motion |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceive depth, size and distance, requires experience to develop, not born with it |
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Term
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Definition
| processing below level of consciousness, underneath your awareness, |
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Term
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Definition
Tolerance
withdrawal
Dependence
Adiction |
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Term
| Mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
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Definition
the VTA (ventral tegmental area)
nucleus accumbens
pre-frontal cortex
It modulates rewards and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| in mid-brain its neuron synthesizes dopamine then send to nucleus accumbens |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates dopamine and serotonin dictates how rewarding something is |
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Term
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Definition
| plan and motivation, gets info from nucleus accumbens and recognizes what it was that was rewarding |
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Term
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Definition
opiates - Heroine
Morphine
prescription opiates
stimulants - Cocaine
Meth
Nicotine
caffeine
depressants - Alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| (opiates) mimics and binds to opium receptors, turn them off then dopamine floods synampse |
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Term
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Definition
| (opiates) Opium receptor antagonist, pain signals, kind of patch them so the pain is going then needs more drug overtime |
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Term
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Definition
| (opiates) all opiates function same, mimic opiates receptors, turn them off then dopamine floods synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| (stimulate)increase activity of central nervous system, sense of alertness or well-being, energy |
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Term
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Definition
| (stimulate) blocks transporters, leaving dopamine in synapse, |
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Term
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Definition
| (stimulante) mimics dopamine, then dopamine transporters, gets them inside cell, meth gets in dopamine vesicles, kicks dopamine out, transporter kicks dopamine excess in cell out to synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| (stimulant) dual thing affects physical and physiological, brakes ensimes that break dopamine so dopamine increases |
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Term
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Definition
| (stimulant) 10 grms to overdose, good for alzahimer |
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Term
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Definition
Alcohol, MDMA, marijuana, extasis, lcd.
decrease activity of nervous central system |
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Term
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Definition
| (depressant) memory formation, decisions making and impulse control |
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Term
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Definition
| responds less strongly overtime, sea slug example. |
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Term
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Definition
Learning process
unconditional stimuli -
unconditional response
conditional stimuli
conditional response |
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Term
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Definition
| frozen. what we already know |
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Term
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Definition
| learn new ways of solving problems |
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Term
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Definition
| French, first IQ test, to help kids falling behind |
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Term
| Sensitive period of language aquisition |
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Definition
| ideal time for kids to expose to language is 0 to 7, however they can still learn later. cochlea transplant example. |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit in sound (a) (b) |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest meaningful unit of speech (re) (pa) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| extra linguistic information |
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Definition
| non verbal, body language |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| probability is involved in judging an event. |
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Term
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Definition
| estimates the likelihood, how easy it comes to our minds. |
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Term
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Definition
| overestimate how well we could have predict something. |
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Term
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Definition
| hiding meaning of dreams. dreaming about a flower and thinking the flower means something. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th stage of sleep, dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep spindles, eye movement stops |
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Term
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Definition
| eye movement, light sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| slow brain waves some delta waves |
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Term
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Definition
| delta waves, deep sleep, night terrors, |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement or punishment is earned, predictable |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disorder, when you fall sleep standing up |
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