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psychology 1000
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199
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/10/2016

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Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Testable prediction
Term
Scientific Theory
Definition
Explanation for natural findings. lots of evidence. general explanation.
Term
Confirmation bias
Definition
Seek out information to confirm or support something we already believe.
Term
Pseudoscience
Definition
False science, no real evidence.
- Ad hoc immunization
- Lack of self correction
- Exaggerated claims
- Over-reliance on anectodes
Term
Patternicity
Definition
Perceive patterns in the world where there are none.
Term
Logical Fallacies:
Definition
Emotional reasoning
Bandwagon fallacy
"Not me" fallacy
Term
Dangers of pseudoscience
Definition
Opportunity cost
Direct harm
Term
Thinking scientifically as citizens can...
Definition
safeguard against errors to which we are prone.
Term
Scientific skepticism
Definition
consider carefully, evaluate claims with open mind but insist or persuasive evidence before accepting.
Term
Critical thinking
Definition
Evaluate claims with an open mind.
Term
Elements of Critical thinking
Definition
1) Ruling out rival hypothesis
2) Correlation vs causation
3) Falsifiability
4) Replicability
5) Extraordinary claims
6) Occam's razor
Term
Occam's razor (part of Critical Thinking)
Definition
The simpler explanation is usually better
Term
Ruling out rival hypothesis (part of Critical Thinking)
Definition
My findings may rule but are there alternate hypothesis
Term
Correlation vs causation (part of Critical Thinking)
Definition
Does A causes B? just because A & B are related does not mean they caused each other
Term
Falsiafiability (part of Critical Thinking)
Definition
Term
Replicability (part of Critical Thinking)
Definition
Able to duplicate, if findings true, there should be others.
Term
Extraordinary claims (part of Critical Thinking)
Definition
Claims hard to believe
Term
Introspection
Definition
Method were trained observers reflect and report on their mental experiences
Term
Perspectives of psychology
Definition
- Structuralism
- Functionalism
- Behaviorism
- Cognitivism
- Psychoanalysis
Term
Structuralism (Perspective of psychology)
Definition
Elements of mind, structures of psychology, maps of consciousness.
Term
Functionalism/Evolutionary(Perspective of psychology)
Definition
Psychology meets Darwin, functions of psychological characteristics, thoughts, feelings and behaviors
Term
Behaviorism (Perspective of psychology)
Definition
laws of learning, school of behaviorism, learning human and animal behavior
Term
Cognitivism (Perspective of psychology)
Definition
Opening the black box, our interpretations are determinants of our behaviors
Term
Psychoanalysis (Perspective of psychology)
Definition
The depths of the unconscious, impulses, thoughts and memories of which we are aware.
Term
Experimental design
Definition
experiments... allow cost-and-effect inferences, High in internal validity low in external.
Term
Independent varable
Definition
variable that the experimenter manipulates
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
Term
Control group
Definition
group of participants that does not receive manipulation in an experiment
Term
placebo effect
Definition
improvement received from the mere expectation of improvement
Term
confounding variable
Definition
variable that correlates (directly or inversely) with the dependent or independent variable
Term
random selection
Definition
ensure every person in a population to an equal chance to be able to participate
Term
ethics
Definition
moral principles,
Term
Correlation research design
Definition
help to predict behavior, 2 variables are associated, do not allow us to infer causation
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
superstitions
Term
case study
Definition
(Control) research design that examines one person or small group in depth, often over extended period of time.
Term
Naturalistic observation
Definition
watch behaviors in real world settings, no manipulation, high external validity, low internal
Term
Surveys
Definition
general view, look closely examine
Term
Validity
Definition
extent to which a measure assesses what it appears to measure.
Term
Reliability
Definition
consistency of measurement
Term
Standarizatoion
Definition
process to develop and implement standards
Term
Statistics
Definition
application of math's to describe and analyze data
Term
standard deviation
Definition
how far each data point i from the median
Term
standard error
Definition
number of errors - standard deviation
Term
case study
Definition
(Control) research design that examines one person or small group in depth, often over extended period of time.
Term
Neuron
Definition
- Soma (cell body)
- Axon
- Myelin sheat
- Dendrites
- Terminal branches of Axon
- Nodes of ranvier
Term
[image]
Definition
{image:|}
Term
Soma (cell body)
Definition
part of neuron, contains things we need to survive,
Term
Axon
Definition
part of neuron, Where nerve impulse travels from cell body to end of cell
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
part of neuron, isolate axon so electrical signal travels faster
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Part of neuron, receives signals from other cells
Term
Nodes of ranvier
Definition
part of neuron where impulses regenerate as it travels (to continue traveling)
Term
Synapse
Definition
Space between cells
Term
synaptic transmission
Definition
cells communicate via neurotransmitters at synapse.
Term
Action potential
Definition
electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters
- Resting
- Depolarization
- Re-polarization
- Hyperpolarized
Term
Depolarization
Definition
Na (+) channels open, (diffuse) Na rush into axon.
Term
Re-polarization
Definition
Na (+) channels close and K (-) open
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
Refractory period, time during each and other action potential
Term
Glial cells
Definition
the non neuron cell in nervous system, formation of myelin and blood brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris and enhances learning and memory
Term
Olygodendrocytes
Definition
myelinate axons of neurons
Term
Astrocites
Definition
Transfer nutrients
Term
Tripartite synapse
Definition
raps synapse to control signaling
Term
Microglia
Definition
Immune cells of brain
Term
Cytokines
Definition
pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory released by microglia cells
Term
Four lobes of the brain
Definition
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
motor functioning, language, memory and planning
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
touch and perception, up middle behind frontal lobe
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
hearing understanding language and memory, lower part
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
vision, back part
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
interprets spoken & written language, part of temporal lobe
Term
Broca's area
Definition
formation of speech, front lobe
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
spatial memory
Term
Amygdala
Definition
emotional process, anger and fear
Term
Pre-frontal cortex
Definition
thinking, planning language, part of frontal lobe
Term
Thalamus
Definition
conveys sensory info to cortex, all except smell
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
4 "F", flight, fight, food and sex
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
coordination and muscle memory
Term
Brain stem
Definition
top of spinal cord, autonomic functions.
Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
connects two hemispheres
Term
Motor cortex
Definition
motor movements part of frontal lobe
Term
Somatosensory cortex
Definition
touch, info about body touch
Term
Auditory cortex
Definition
auditory info
Term
Limbic system
Definition
emotional center of brain, smell, motivation, memory
Term
Phineas cage study
Definition
change of moods, damage frontal lobe
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
Chemical messenger neurons use to communicate with each other,
Term
GABA
Definition
main exitatory neuron receptor, stops action potential
Term
Glutamate
Definition
Main inhibitory, fires action potential
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
learning memory, motor function, sleep and wake stuff.
Term
Dopanine
Definition
Reward & pleasure
Term
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Definition
conservation species 3 "f" also reward
Term
Serotonin
Definition
Mood & temperature, aggression & sleep.
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
Brain arousal, mood hunger sleep
Term
Agonist
Definition
Activate signal
Term
antagonist
Definition
Block receptors
Term
meninges
Definition
protect our brain
- Dura matter
- Arachnoid matter
- Subarachnoid space
- Cerebral spinal fluid
- Pia matter
Term
Dura matter
Definition
part of meninges, thick tough layer under skull
Term
Arachnoid matter
Definition
thin filmy thing, creates space between dura matter and pia matter
Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition
space between pia and arachnoid, space for cerebral spinal fluid to circulate.
Term
Cerebral spinal fluid
Definition
cushion to brain, distribute nutrients, detoxes brain, it is produce at choroid plexus
Term
Pia matter
Definition
wraps the brain, directly in contact with it.
Term
Sensation
Definition
is the chemical energy
Term
Perception
Definition
interpretation of physical energy
Term
Transduction
Definition
Brain interpretation of physical energy
Term
Just noticeable difference
Definition
(change) smallest change in intensity that we can detect, smallest change from existing stimulus.
Term
Weber's law
Definition
(ratio) the stronger the stimuli the bigger the change needed for change in stimulus intensity to be noticeable
Term
Sensory adaptation
Definition
sensor modality, stops reacting, example of pool, it is cold at first then we adapt.
Term
Selective attention
Definition
selecting what stimuli we will pay attention among others
Term
Filter theory
Definition
pay attention to important stimuli and ignore others
Term
Cocktail party effect
Definition
ability to pick up important message, like our name on a conversation that does not involve us. supports filter theory.
Term
The eye
Definition
- Iris
- Lens
- Pupil
- Cornea -- Mypia & Hyperopia
- Retina
- Optic nerve -- blind spot
- Rods & cone
- Optic chiasm
- Optic tract
Term
Iris
Definition
Color part, muscle, controls how much light goes to pupil
Term
Lens
Definition
projects light into retina, it is flexible
Term
Pupil
Definition
Hole in Iris, lets light in the eye
Term
Cornea
Definition
Outer layer of eye, focus light at back of eye, it is rigid, don't change shape quickly, may change over life spam.
Term
Retina
Definition
converts light into neural activity, contains receptors rods & cones.
Term
Myopia
Definition
nearsighted, cornea to curved light focus in front of retina instead of in retina.
Term
hyperopia
Definition
far-sighted, flatted cornea, we can not get a point of focus
Term
Rods
Definition
receptors in retina, black & white, low resolution vision, good detecting movement, night vision
Term
Cones
Definition
receptors in retina, color vision, high resolution, not good detecting movement, day vision
Term
Optic nerve
Definition
nerve that travels from retina to brain
Term
why we have a blind spot?
Definition
no rods, no cones, where optic nerve connects with retina, need space,
Term
Trichromatic theory of color vision
Definition
3 different types of cones, each for each color red, blue, green.
Term
Opponent process theory of color vision
Definition
not 3 types of cones, lots of them and they turn off different colors, perceive colors in terms of 3 pairs.
Term
Optic chiasm
Definition
were optic nerve crosses
Term
optic tract
Definition
sends signal to visual part of thalamus
Term
Ear
Definition
- Pinna
- Auditory canal
- Tympanic membrane
- Ossicles - hammer, anvil, stirrup
- Oval window
- Cochlea -- basilar membrane
tectorial membrane


-
-
Term
Pinna
Definition
Outer ear, shapes sound waves into ear canal
Term
Auditory canal or ear canal
Definition
conducts sound waves to eardrum
Term
Tympanic membrane or eardrum
Definition
sound waves hit on tympanic membrane and make it vibrate and pushes the ossicles, belong to middle ear
Term
Ossicles (hammer, anvil & stirrup)
Definition
3 tiny tinniest bones in the body, they vibrate at frequency of sound waves and transmit to oval window, belongs to middle ear
Term
Oval window
Definition
Ossicles carry vibration s to oval window then to cochlea belongs to middle ear
Term
Basilar membrane
Definition
where transduction happens, bottom of cochlea, hair cells convert acoustic info into action potential
Term
Hair cells
Definition
little hairs at base of basilar membrane, hairs at base exited at high pitch, hairs at top exited at low pitch
Term
Tonotopic organization of basilar membrane & auditory cortex
Definition
tone base organization is the homunculus of the auditory system.
Term
Tectorial membrane
Definition
ceiling of cochlea (top part)
Term
how does our ability to hear pitch overtime change?
Definition
decreases, young people hear higher pitch
Term
Vestibular system
Definition
Balance
Cochlea -- semicircular canals
otoliths -- Otoliths membrane
Hair cells
Term
Otoliths
Definition
little crystals in inner ear, susceptible to gravity, inside cochlea
Term
Semi-circular canals
Definition
full with fluid, get us balanced, inside cochlea
Term
Somatosensation
Definition
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis - Fashia
Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini Corpusle
Term
Epidermis
Definition
(belongs to somatosensation) covers all body, organ, no blood supply,
Term
Dermis
Definition
(belongs to somatosensation) below epidermis, connects to epidermis with sensory nerves
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
(belongs to somatosensation) fashia that connects dermis to muscle
Term
Fashia
Definition
belongs to hypodermis
Term
Free nerve endings
Definition
adapt slow, high activate, sense pain, temperature & texture. lots on fingertprints not so many on back
Term
Root hair plexus
Definition
slow activate, adapt quick. little nerves on root of skin hair, sweater example
Term
Meissners corpuscle
Definition
Light touch, quick adaptation, low threshold, when somebody touches you gently
Term
Pacinian corpuscle
Definition
deep pressure, low threshold, hard hit example, moreton
Term
Ruffini corpuscle
Definition
when skin stretches or bends, low adaptation and low threshold, glue on skin example.
Term
Top-down processing
Definition
interpretation (stimuli) influenced by cognitive process, previous experience examples
Term
Bottom up processing
Definition
Looking at components with no clues of the big picture
Term
Gestalt principles
Definition
rules of how we perceive objects as a whole
Term
Proximity
Definition
gestalt - tendency to group things as a whole
Term
Similarity
Definition
gestalt - group similar objects as continuous
Term
Continuity
Definition
gestalt - perceive objects as continuous
Term
Closure
Definition
gestalt - even where there are gaps, we perceived them as whole
Term
Figure ground
Definition
gestalt - interpret background and foreground as a whole
Term
Monocular Cues
Definition
Relative size
Texture-gradient
Interposition
Linear perspective
Height in a plane
Light in shadow
Relative motion
Term
Depth perception
Definition
Perceive depth, size and distance, requires experience to develop, not born with it
Term
Subliminal perceptions
Definition
processing below level of consciousness, underneath your awareness,
Term
Substance use disorders
Definition
Tolerance
withdrawal
Dependence
Adiction
Term
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Definition
the VTA (ventral tegmental area)
nucleus accumbens
pre-frontal cortex
It modulates rewards and behaviors
Term
VTA
Definition
in mid-brain its neuron synthesizes dopamine then send to nucleus accumbens
Term
nucleus accumbens
Definition
regulates dopamine and serotonin dictates how rewarding something is
Term
pre-frontal cortex
Definition
plan and motivation, gets info from nucleus accumbens and recognizes what it was that was rewarding
Term
Drugs
Definition
opiates - Heroine
Morphine
prescription opiates
stimulants - Cocaine
Meth
Nicotine
caffeine
depressants - Alcohol
Term
Heroine
Definition
(opiates) mimics and binds to opium receptors, turn them off then dopamine floods synampse
Term
Morphine
Definition
(opiates) Opium receptor antagonist, pain signals, kind of patch them so the pain is going then needs more drug overtime
Term
Prescription opiates
Definition
(opiates) all opiates function same, mimic opiates receptors, turn them off then dopamine floods synapse
Term
stimulantes
Definition
(stimulate)increase activity of central nervous system, sense of alertness or well-being, energy
Term
Cocaine
Definition
(stimulate) blocks transporters, leaving dopamine in synapse,
Term
meth
Definition
(stimulante) mimics dopamine, then dopamine transporters, gets them inside cell, meth gets in dopamine vesicles, kicks dopamine out, transporter kicks dopamine excess in cell out to synapse
Term
Nicotine
Definition
(stimulant) dual thing affects physical and physiological, brakes ensimes that break dopamine so dopamine increases
Term
Caffeine
Definition
(stimulant) 10 grms to overdose, good for alzahimer
Term
Depresents
Definition
Alcohol, MDMA, marijuana, extasis, lcd.
decrease activity of nervous central system
Term
Alcohol
Definition
(depressant) memory formation, decisions making and impulse control
Term
Learning or adaptation
Definition
responds less strongly overtime, sea slug example.
Term
Classical conditionning
Definition
Learning process
unconditional stimuli -
unconditional response
conditional stimuli
conditional response
Term
Crystallized inteligence
Definition
frozen. what we already know
Term
Fluid inteligence
Definition
learn new ways of solving problems
Term
Afred Binet
Definition
French, first IQ test, to help kids falling behind
Term
Sensitive period of language aquisition
Definition
ideal time for kids to expose to language is 0 to 7, however they can still learn later. cochlea transplant example.
Term
Phoneme
Definition
smallest unit in sound (a) (b)
Term
morpheme
Definition
smallest meaningful unit of speech (re) (pa)
Term
syntax
Definition
grammar
Term
extra linguistic information
Definition
non verbal, body language
Term
Mental set
Definition
get stock in a problem.
Term
Representative heuristic
Definition
probability is involved in judging an event.
Term
Availability heuristic
Definition
estimates the likelihood, how easy it comes to our minds.
Term
hindsight bias
Definition
overestimate how well we could have predict something.
Term
Latent content
Definition
hiding meaning of dreams. dreaming about a flower and thinking the flower means something.
Term
REM
Definition
5th stage of sleep, dreaming
Term
stage 2 of sleep
Definition
sleep spindles, eye movement stops
Term
stage 1 of sleep
Definition
eye movement, light sleep
Term
stage 3 of sleep
Definition
slow brain waves some delta waves
Term
stage 4 of sleep
Definition
delta waves, deep sleep, night terrors,
Term
fixed ratio
Definition
reinforcement or punishment is earned, predictable
Term
short term memory
Definition
working memory, 7+ or -2
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
sleep disorder, when you fall sleep standing up
Term
seratone
Definition
sleep mood
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