Term
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Definition
| Memory that is too good. (savant-like) |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapists ask clients to imagine past events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapists use hypnosis to "return" clients to the psychological state of childhood. |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| Formally known as Multiple Personality Disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| The retention of information over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our memory is surprisingly great in some situations, however surprisingly poor in others. |
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Term
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Definition
Being autistic and having an incredible, near-perfect memory.
Rain Man= Kim Peek |
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Term
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Definition
| A false, but subjectively compelling memory |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| Like things go with like things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeing memories as an outsider or third person. Proves that some memories are reconstructive rather than reproductive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeing a memory from your own point of view. 1st Person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Briefly maintains our perceptions in a "buffer area" before passing it along to the second stage of memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of sensory memory that applies to vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| We have the ability to take in more information, but it fades too quickly that we can not access it all before it disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Photographic Memory" Holding a visual image in your mind with such clarity that you can describe it perfectly or near-perfectly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory memory dealing with hearing. Holds on longer than iconic memory. (5 to 10 secs) |
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Term
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Definition
| The second system for retaining information in our memories for brief periods of time. (Probably no longer than 20 seconds). Decides whether to store memories or scrap them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories fading away over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories get in the way of each other. Makes it harder to detect memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when something new hampers learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when earlier learning gets in the way of new learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Universal limit of short term memory, and it applies to just about all information we encounter. Seven plus or minus two pieces of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing material into meaningful groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeating information mentally or aloud. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeating the stimuli in the original form. |
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Term
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Definition
| "elaborating" on the stimuli by linking them in some meaningful way. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more deeply we process information, the better we are to remember it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our relatively enduring store of information. Includes facts, experiences, and skills that we've acquired over a lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-Term Memory which remains 'frozen' over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to remember stimuli, like words, early in a list. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to remember stimuli, later in a list. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows in what position of the list people are too better remember stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our knowledge of facts about the world. Left Frontal Cortex more than Right. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recollection of events in our life. Right Central Cortex more than Left. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of recalling information intentionally. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of recalling information we don't remember deliberately. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subtype of Implicit Memory, refers to memory for motor skills and habits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subtype of Implicit Memory, refers to our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly when we've previously encountered similar stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of getting information into our memory banks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning aid/strategy that enhances recall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mnemonic devices that rhyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relies on imagery of locations/places, mnemonic device. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to think of an English word that reminds you of the word you're trying to remember. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in an organisms thoughts or behavior as a result of experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated exposure to stimuli and responding more stronger over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forming associations among stimuli. |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning) |
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Definition
| A form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that elicits an automatic (reflexive) response. |
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Term
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Definition
| An automatic (reflexive) response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that comes to be elicited by a neutral stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response as a result of its association with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| We gradually learn-or acquire-the conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Conditioned response decreases in magnitude and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone, without the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A seemingly extinct conditioned response reappears (often in somewhat weaker form) if we present the conditioned stimulus again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when we extinguish a response in a setting different from the one in which the animal acquired it. When we restore the animal to the original setting, the extinguished response reappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which conditioned stimuluses that are similar, but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditional response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when we exhibit a less pronounced conditional response to conditional stimuluses that differ from the original conditional stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which organisms develop classically conditioned responses to conditioned stimuluses that later become associated with the original conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the fact that we've experienced a conditioned stimulus alone many times, it's difficult to classically condition it to another stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual attraction to non-living things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between the stimulus and response will be strengthened. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grasping the underlying nature of the problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal testing box that electronically records an animal's responses and prints out a cumulative record, or graph, of the animals activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we administer a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we take away a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any outcome that weakens the probability of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning phase in which a response is established. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the response after a stimulus is presented repeatedly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden reemergence of an extinguished response after a delay. |
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Term
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Definition
| Displaying response to stimuli similar to but not identical to the original stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Displaying a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus. |
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Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| The pattern of delivering reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when we reinforce responses only some of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to focus on the weapon rather than the criminal. |
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Term
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Definition
Witness view one person at a time.
(More Accurate) |
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Term
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Definition
Witness makes selection from a group of suspects and decoys.
(Less Accurate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Creation of false memories by providing misleading information about an event after it happened. |
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Term
| Suggestive Memory Technique |
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Definition
| Procedure that encourages people to recall memories that may or may not have taken place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifying the origins of a memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed, but fade. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flashbulb memory that changes after time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lose some memories of the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unable to form new memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lose all memories of previous life. (Very rare) |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical trace of each memory in the brain. (engrams don't really exist?) |
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Term
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Definition
Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from respective stimulation.
"Neurons that fire together wire together" |
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Term
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Definition
| The experience of knowing that we know something, but being unable to produce it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Remembering something better when conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to them under which we encode it. |
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Term
| Context-Dependent Learning |
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Definition
| Superior retrieval when external context of original memories matchs the retrieval context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior retrieval of memories when you are in the same physiological or psychological state as when the information was encoded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Current psychological state can disort past memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to reason about what other people know or believe. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gene-Environment Interaction |
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Definition
| The effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences. Env. > Genes |
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Term
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Definition
| How children acquire the ability to think, learn, reason, communicate, and remember. |
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Term
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Definition
Believed children are not miniature adults.
Stage-Like
Domain-General
Exploration of the World |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience. |
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Term
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Definition
From Birth to Age 2.
"Focus on the here and now."
Lacks object permanence and deferred imitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to think about things that are absent from immediate surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to perform an action observed earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
Age 2 to Age 7.
Able to construct mental representations of their experience.
Characterized by egocentrism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to see the world from others' perspectives. |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
Age 7 - Age 11.
Able to perform mental operations, but only for actual physical events. |
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Term
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Definition
Age 11 - Adulthood.
Able to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now.
Experiment systematically with hypothesis and observe outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
Focused on social and cultural factors in learning.
Continuous
Domain-Specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents provide initial assistance in children's' learning, but generally remove structure as child becomes more competent. |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
| Phase of learning during children can benefit from instruction. |
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Term
| General Cognitive Accounts |
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Definition
| Emphasize general cognitive abilities and acquired knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasize the social context and interactions with caretakers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasize domain specific learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding how physical objects behave. |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects have a relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects of the same kind. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when we reinforce responses only some of the time. |
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Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| The pattern of delivering reinforcement |
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Term
| The Consistency of Administering Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Some reinforcement contingencies are fixed, whereas others are variable. |
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Term
| The Basis of Administering Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Some reinforcement schedules operate on ration schedules, whereas others operate on interval schedules. |
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Term
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Definition
| We provide reinforcement after a regular number of responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| We provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once after a specific time has passed. |
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Term
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Definition
| We provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, but the precise number of responses required during any given period varies randomly. |
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Term
| Variable Interval Schedule |
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Definition
| We provide reinforcement for producing the response after an average time interval, with the actual interval varying randomly. |
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Term
| Shaping by Successive Approximation |
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Definition
| We reinforce behaviors that are not exactly the target behavior, but are progressively closer to it. |
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Term
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Definition
Neutral objects that become associated with Primary Reinforcers.
(tokens) |
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Term
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Definition
| Things like favorite food or drink, that naturally increase the target behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that isn't directly observable. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Learning by watching others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that 'imagine' what it would be like to perform an observed action. |
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Term
| Sauce Bearnaise Syndrome (Conditioned Taste Aversion) |
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Definition
| Refers to the fact that classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to minimize aversive states. All these drives are unpleasant, but that satisfaction of them result in pleasure. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A U-shaped relationship between arousal and mood/performance. Refers to the strength of stimuli. For each of us there is an optimal point of arousal (usually in the middle). If we're below that optimal point we typically experience low motivation and don't perform well. |
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Term
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Definition
| We're often motivated by positive goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| We must satisfy our primary needs, such as physiological needs and needs for safety and security, before we can procede to more complex secondary needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| When your blood glucose level drops, typically if we haven't eaten for some time, hunger creates a drive to restore the proper level of glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used. |
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Term
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Definition
| A value that establishes a range of body fat and muscle mass we tend to maintain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Obese people are motivated to eat more by external clues (portion size, aroma, appearance) than by internal clues (growling stomach, feeling of fullness) |
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Term
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Definition
| First phase of sex, initiated by whatever prompts sexual interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second phase of sex, sexual tension builds, if continues will lead to orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Third phase of sex, sexual pleasure and physical changes peak, there are involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of male and female genitalia, and men ejaculate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fourth phase of sex, after orgasm body people report relaxation and return to a state of well-being. |
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