Those that originate in bodily needs

(ex. hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, rest, excretory, temperature)

Those acquired through experience and interaction with others

(ex. achievement, affiliation, autonomy, dominance, order, play, nurturance)

Abraham Maslow

1. Biological needs (top priority)

2. Safety needs

3. Belonging/Loving needs

4. Esteen needs

5. Self-actualization needs (least priority) 

Not all behaviors are universal

Some behaviors not natural, but learned

Curcular reasoning- labeling

Anorexia/eating disorders- need food but don't eat

Doesn't explain workaholics

People are motivated to achieve and maintin an optimum level or arousal

People vary in what optimum level is

Students perforom best on exams when feeling moderate anxiety

Parabola shape (too little or too much= poor performance)

A behavior that is intinsically loved but extrinsicallky rewarded reduces intrinsic desire.

(ex. kids with markers: when promised a reward for playing with markers, activity with markers decreased)

Controversial

Can students be paid to excel?

Balance within the body

(temperature, food)

Intake=expenditure --> normal

Intake>expentditure -->obesity

Intake<expenditure --> starvation

homeostasis (when people freely choose to eat or not, eat until regain homeostatic weight)

Important for maintaining Homeostasis

Lesions of lateral hypothalamus: ate a lot less (apahia)

Lesions of ventromeial hypothalamus: excessive eating (hyperaphasia)

STIMULATE lateral hypothalamus: hyperaphasia

..raise body temperature

..change behavior

..reduce feeding behavior

..weight loss

Physiological: Ghrelin released by stomic

Soc/environmental: smell/sight/time

BMI

Obesity

18.5-24.9 NORMAL

Genetic: Obese parents tend to have obese children

Behavioral/Environmental: rapid eaters don't notice when full

increased portion size

Non-Exercise-Activity-Time

What you do when you're not just exercising

Obesity and ghrelin

Anorexia

Obese people usually have lower levels of ghrelin

leptin in reduced weight

(.5% of women have anorexia)

usually 16-17 BMI

highest mortality rate of all psychiatric conditions

triggered by diet

50-70% recovery

Bring in cognitive evaluation component

label and evaluate, then feel emotion

Volitional facial paresis

Emotional facial paresis

difficulty moving facial muscles voluntarily, but normal expression of emotion

Voluntary control over facial muscles inact, can't express emotion (OPPOSIT)

Left side of the face tends to be more expressive

RIGHT HEMISPHERE advantage of expression

associated with emotion (FEAR)

stimulated: much more expression of fear/anger

lesioned: much less emotion

Reasoning aspects goes on in this area

regulating/using emotions

recognize emotional significance

causes weird impulses

(child porn, killing mother)

Type of stimuus that unconditionally elicits a response

*respondent

response occurring to unconditioned stimulus w/o prior conditioning

an INITIALLY NEUTRAL stymulus that is paired witht he unconditioned stimulus.

bell-->dog salivate

1.Process of conditioning

2.Spontaneous recovery

3. Generalization

4. Stimulus discrimination

1. Acquisition

2. bell no longer means food, dog no longer comes

3. dog salivates to any bell, not just 1000 hz

4. food ONLY given at 1000 hz, dog ONLY salivates at 1000 hz

Little Albert

Loud noise whenever he was with a white rat

feared all white, small animals after that

(generalization)

behavior changes due to its consequences

action brings a reward, action is tamped in the mind

alcohol-relax

alcohol abuse-vommitting

alcohol-nausea/vommitting

BF skinner

Positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

positive punishment- stimulus presented (rat presses lever and gets shocked)

extinction/negative punishment- stimulus removed (rat presses lever and nothing happens)

"monkey see, monkey do"

need a model/example

more similar you are to the model the more you are likely to copy behavior

(can be unconscious)

Study of aggression

Kids repeated action shown by model (aggressive model, aggressive behavior)

Detail about specific events

(medial and temporal lobe)

ex. first dance

separated from personal experience  (dates, facts)

Lateral and rostral temporal cortex

ex. pet's name

Semantic

Episodic

classical conditioning (AMYGDALA)

priming (SENSORY AREAS)

skills (GASAL GANGLIA, CEREBELLUM)

HIPPOCAMPUS most important

THALAMUS & HYPOTHALAMUS- associated with memory

tumors and loss of blood flow/oxygen to brain will lead to mem. loss

Had extreme siezures

cut out hippocampus on both sides to stop the siezures

the siezures stopped, lost ability to form new memories

(intact IQ, language, etc)

amnesia from syphillis

could play piano and have a conversation

cerebellum

(back-lower)

Hippocampus

(back-lower)

amygdala

(almond shaped, middle-lower)

Temporal Lobe

(middle-lower)

SHALLOW: orthographic

MEDIUM: phonological

DEEP (remembered better): semantic

Confabulation/Confusion

Can't do simple math and makes up stories to fill in gaps of memory

Patient N.A.

fencing produces lesion to left dorsomedial thalamus

profound anterograde amnesia, some retrograde amnesia

The ways we retrieve information can be more or less supported by the environment

ex. scuba divers

(G)- general cognitive factor

quantify what is common to the scores of all intelligence tests

(an ability that underlies all intelligent behavior)