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Psychological Methods Ch.2
Psychological Methods Ch.2
25
Psychology
12th Grade
12/13/2008

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Term
What are the 5 guidelines?
Definition
1)Behavior being studied must be measurable by human observation or devices.
2)Method and data must be objective
3)Procedure must be repeatable
4)Results of experiments must be communicable
5)Data must be gathered in an organized and systematic fashion
Term
What are the 6 psychological methods called?
Definition
1) Natural Observation
2) Directed Observation
3) Case Study
4) Interview
5) Questionnaire
6) Tests
Term

Natural Observation

Advantages & Disadvantages

Definition
a) observing and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural environment - advantage
 
b) gives little information about why behavior occurs
- disadvantage
Term
Directed Observations
Definition
observing behavior under controlled conditions in an experimental setting
Term

Directed Observations

Advantages & Disadvantages

Definition
Disadvantage (1) -not in natural environment
                          -behavior might be different
                    (2) observation may be biased
 
Advantages - alter variables to determine cause
Term
Case Study
Definition
study of objective descriptions of background forces that may have influenced on individuals development
Term

Case Study

Advantages & Disadvantages

Definition
Advantage - Provides many sources of information
 
Disadvantage - Reports usually obtained from people associated with subject observer bias.
Term
Interview
Definition
used to put together individuals case record
Term

Interview

Advantages & Disadvantages

Definition
Disadvantages - (1) Personal bias of interviewer
                        (2) Interview does not provide results
                              in exact terms
Advantage - uses primary sources
Term
The Questionnaire Method
Definition
List of questions on a subject to a select group
Term

The Questionnaire Method

Advantages & Disadvantages

Definition
Disadvantage - subject may give inaccurate answers
 
Advantage - quickly able to obtain data
Term
Tests
Definition
Developed to measure a specific trait
Term

Tests

Advantages & Disadvantages

Definition
Advantage (1) More objective than questionnaire or
                     interviews
                (2) Results given in statistical terms
                (3) Scores can be compared
 
Disadvantage - does not give full and final answers
Term
Experimentation: Hypothesis
Definition
a) states relationships between 2 or more variables
 
b) test to see how one variable affects another
Term
Experimentation: Variables
Definition
Dependent & Independent
Term
Dependent & Independent Variables
Definition
Dependent - behavior of trait to be measured
                   (Dependent on some change)
 
Independent - the factor to be controlled and manipulated
Term
Procedure
Definition
1) Select representative group through "random selection"
 
2) Divide into 2 groups- Experimental & Control
Term
Experimental & Control Group
Definition
Experimental - group that conditions will be altered
 
Control - group that will not be affected
Term
Theory
Definition
General principle based on information gathered to explain what has been learned.
Term
Subject Selection
Definition
Animal use & Humans
Term
Animal use Advantages and Disadvantages
Definition
Advantage - (1) Behavior of animals can be controlled
                        more than humans
                  (2) Shorter life span than humans. Total
                       effect on life can be observed.
                  (3) Some experiments cannot be done
                       on humans
 
Disadvantage - animal results cannot be associated with human behavior
Term
Humans
Definition

Guidelines

1) Information kept confidential

2) Protect subject from physical and psychological harm

3) Subject can withdrawal at any time

4) Subject must be informed of the nature of experiment

Term
Experimentation Problems
Definition
1) Knowledge of being (participant/ias) may alter results.
2) Selection of subjects may not be representative of population to be studied or random.
3) Generalization of results not always acceptable
4) Experimenter bias
5) Protection of the privacy of subjects.
Term
Correlational Research: Correlation
Definition
1) Consistent relationship between 2 sets of events or variable
2) Used to describe the relationship between variables
3) Study data over which they have little control
Term
Types of Correlation
Definition
1) Positive - when variables move in a similar direction
 
2) Negative - variables move in opposite directions
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