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| Test are used to make decisions about ________, ________, ___________, ___________, and ___________ |
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Definition
| selection, placement, disorders, hypothesis testing, and classification |
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| when the result of testing leads to a decision for yourself |
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| when score on test leads to an institutional decision |
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| example- taking top three applicant scores on certain test |
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| taking everyone over a certain score |
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| basically ensured no discrimination of any kind |
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| made adjusting scores to account for racial differences illegal |
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| A specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly |
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| Similarities among psychological tests |
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Definition
1. all require respondent to perform a behavior
2. all are used to measure an individual attribute
3. all are used to make predictions |
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| differences among psychological tests |
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Definition
1. differ in behavior that is required
2. different constructs are measured
3. differ in their format and administration
4. differ in how they are scored and interpreted
5. have different psychometric properties (different reliability, validity, depending on situation) |
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| measures level of knowledge in a particular domain (ex- closed high school placement test) |
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| measures unique and stable set of characteristics, traits, or attitudes (ex- an aggression questionnaire) |
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| measures potential to succeed (ex- scholastic aptitude test) |
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| ability or intelligence test |
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| measures skill or competence (ex- Stanford Binet Intelligence test |
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| measures basic performance of particular tasks (ex- functional communication profile) |
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| vocational or career tests |
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| measures job-related interests (ex- career interest inventory) |
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| being able to have a group to compare the results to |
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| I clicker- What do all psychological tests require that you do? |
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Definition
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| I clicker- What type of test is given to a group of individuals similar to the group for which the test has been designed? |
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| What is the difference between a test and an assessment? |
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Definition
| An assessment is broader than a test and has both an objective and a subjective component. Objective- being able to assign a number to an obtained score. Subjective- the involved process of evaluating things like interviews that cannot be assigned a numerical value |
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| What is the difference between surveys and tests? |
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Definition
Two main differences-
1. Psychological tests focus on individual outcomes, whereas surveys focus on group outcomes.
2. Results of a psychological test are often reported in terms of derived, or scaled, scores. |
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| Tests measure what they prport to measure |
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| Test scores remain stable over time |
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| designed a test to assist the Paris school district in identifying mentally retarded children. assigned "mental age" to each child |
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| World War 1- first group intelligence test. Beta test was for illiterate |
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| Vocational testing introduced in _____ |
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| to protect the rights of individuals who receive psychological services |
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| ex.- Assuming a child should be held back a grade based on a single test that was created by the principle and only given to that student. |
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| Ex.- Psychologist conducts employee testing and uses personality tests with little or no valid evidence supporting the link between score and job performance |
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| 9.03 Informed consent in assessments |
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Definition
| School principle gives a student a test to determine if they are mentally handicapped, but does not inform the student nor his/her parents about the test or its details |
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| 9.04 Release of Test Data |
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Definition
| A man has his psychologist run a battery of tests to determine whether or not he is bi-polar. The mans wife calls to inquire about the results of the test and the psychologist releases them |
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| School psychologist creates his own test to determine whether or not students are beaten or abused, but does not use any professional knowledge or appropriate psychometric procedures |
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| Interpreting assessment results |
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Definition
| a psychologist fails to gather previous data on whether or not a car accident victim is functioning at a normal level |
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| 9.07 Assessment by unqualified persons |
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| A psychiatrist does not have time to administer a bi-polar test battery to one of his patients so he has his office assistant to it |
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| 9.08 Obsolete/ out-dated tests |
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| a psychologist is asked to provide an assessment on the presence of learning disabilities in a particular student, uses data that had been collected 6 years earlier |
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| 9.09 Test scoring and interpretation |
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| A Test Publishing company releases a test to determine ones likelihood to develop anger issues, but does not provide info on how to interpret test results |
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| 9.10 Explaining assessment results |
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| clinic director never advises interns on how to explain test results to patients |
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Term
| What is the difference between the two types of statistics? |
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Definition
| Descriptive statistics help us to describe our data, whereas inferential statistics help us to make conclusions about our data |
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| Nominal scale of quantitative measurement |
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| ex.- assigning a number to sex (1=male, 2=female) |
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| ordinal scale of quantitative measurement |
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| lining students in a class up by height and assigning them a number, 1-20, based on where they are in line |
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| Interval scale of quantitative measurement |
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Definition
| a five point test scale that ranges from strongly disagree- strongly agree... assuming that distance between intervals is equal |
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| ratio scale of quantitative measurement |
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Definition
| have all of the same properties as the other scales, but with an absolute zero. for example, stepping on your bathroom scale to measure weight |
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| mean, median, and mode are examples of __________ |
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Definition
| central tendency descriptive statistics |
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| range, variance, and standard deviation are examples of __________________ |
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Definition
| variability descriptive statistics |
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| using multiple methods or multiple sources of data |
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| standard deviation is defined as _____________ |
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| the square root of the variance |
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| ___% of the population falls within one standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution |
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| how determine whether or not data is skewed |
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| data is negatively skewed if tail is towards negative numbers, positively skewed if tail is towards positive numbers |
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| refers to how thin or narrow the distribution is. low kurtosis means distribution is very narrow and data has a small SD |
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| gives strength and direction of relationship, based on r-value that is between -1 and 1 |
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| allows us to use one variable to predict another |
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| Empirical test construction |
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| creating a test of 500 random items and giving it to two groups, one with bi-polar, the other without. using the items to determine which questions discriminate between the two groups |
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| Theoretical approach to test construction |
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| creating a test with thought out questions relating to construct. using data as researcher sees fit |
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| rational test construction |
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| creating a test based on theory, but using statistics when interpreting data. mix of empirical and theoretical |
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| steps in test construction |
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Definition
1. conceptualize test
2. construct test
3. test tryout
4. analyze results
5. revise
6. repeat step 3
7. reliability and validity, norms and standardizing |
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| comparing yourself to yourself |
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| categorical scoring model |
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| places test takers into categories |
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| the tendency of some test takers to answer based on the desire of their answers to reflect them in a positive light |
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| some people tend to agree more than disagree. balance items to make up for this |
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| individuals are unmotivated and do not care about the results of the test |
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| example- faking answers to make it into police academy. difference between social desirability and this- white lie vs. deceit |
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| poor item- you go to a corner store and decide you want to buy $10 worth of candy. you see that you have a $20 bill so you pay with that. How much money should you expect back? |
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