Term
| What are the phonological aspects of babbling? |
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Definition
| babbling is not language specific (at least for the first six months). Stop and nasal consonants are more frequent than other consonants, and [a] and [Ae] are more common than [i] and [u]. |
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Term
| what is the consonant/verb pattern found in babbling? |
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Definition
| CV is more common than CVC |
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Term
| at what time does linguistics experience start to modulate babbling? |
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Definition
| the quality of vowels in babbling starts to conform to the native language at around 8-10 months |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a repository of language specific information |
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Term
| what, in linguistics, is a computational system? |
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Definition
| it is a set of rules which combine sounds, morphemes, words and phrases into larger units |
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Term
| what does an acquisition theory have to explain? |
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Definition
it has to explain:
- how learners discover categories such as nouns or verbs
- how they determine the architecture of phrases containing nouns or verbs
- how they come to have particular constraints on pronoun interpretation and gap placement |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the language acquisition model based on Linguistic Theory which emphasizes one's genetic endowment (nature) |
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Term
| what is linguistic empiricism? |
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Definition
| the model, with a lineage in behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of experience (nurture) |
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Term
| name four linguistics associated with the nativist movement |
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Definition
among others, the movement includes
Noam Chomsky
Stephen Pinker
Stephen Crane
Kevin Wexler |
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Term
| what did the Crain and Lillo-Martin(1989) study claim? |
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Definition
it claimed that
- children aquire language easily because it's in their genes
- children are born with innate knowledge called a Language Aquisition Device
- the LAD contains principles common to all languages, called Universal Grammar |
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Term
| nativism says that children have to learn... |
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Definition
| the words of the lexicon, but not the principles or workings of the computational system |
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Term
| why is trial and error an unlikely method for language acquisition? |
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Definition
it's unlikely because
- children progress through the same stages of language
- seems unlikely that all children would come up with the same hypotheses to test, in the same order, at the same stages
- children make too few errors relative to their learning speed.
- some errors NEVER occur (eg adding a gender marker to a verb) |
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Term
why is corrective feedback an unlikely method for language acquisition?
What role might it play? |
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Definition
it's unlikely because
- parent's don't systematically correct children's errors
- Brown and Hanlon's study found that parents respond to the truth value of sentences, not to grammatical form
- when parents do correct form, children don't pay attention to the form correction
- It's role, if anything, might be that of input (giving additional data) but not intake (providing the fundamental data) |
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Term
| how many neurons in the adult brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| physicial neuron structure is |
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Definition
| dendrives , soma or cell body, and axon(& resynaptic terminals). |
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Term
| name some structures in the Central Nervous System |
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Definition
| Spinal cord, hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum), Midbrain, Forebrain(thalamus, hypothalamus, hppocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
| receives input fomr the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| brighe for sensory inputs crossing |
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Term
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Definition
| timing and patterns of muscle movements |
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Term
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Definition
| routing sensory information from lower parts of the CNS to the forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
| organized in 6 laters, each had differenc types oand strucutes; |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in the frontal lobe, on the perimeter of the parietal lobe |
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Term
| role of supplementary motor area |
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Definition
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Term
| role of parietal associan area |
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Definition
| communication fibers from all lobe sdesnely connected; feeling, visual and auditory senses are all associated there |
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Term
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Definition
| has a primary auditory area, auditory associaiton area (processes lanugage and music) and auditory visual association arae (lots of conncection to visual area; used in lip reading etc.) |
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Term
| what's the occipital lobe |
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Definition
| visua lobe having a primary visual area and a visual assocation area |
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Term
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Definition
| differing elements of the brain have differing origins |
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Term
| which hemisphere is grammar in? |
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Definition
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Term
| why does the left havee lagnageu |
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Definition
| understanding requires timing/sequencing of langauge, and understadning of rapid serial audtiroy into |
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Term
| which langauge functions does the right hemisphere perform? |
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Definition
| it is often involed in understanding hobkes, tone of voice, connecting sentences into larger discourse, and if brain damage occurs then language can show up in the left hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| certain elements of language, varies a lot |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| wernicke's aphasia entails |
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Definition
| anomic, fluent (usually retrieve real words that are semantically empty) |
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Term
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Definition
| not aphasia, but still affects langauge); usually fluent and grammatical, jsut nonsensical |
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Term
| transcortical sensory aphasia |
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Definition
| disctubance of single word comprehension with relatincively intact repetition (when the lesion site is the connection bbetween parietal and temporal) |
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Term
| caramazza and zurif did a study doing what |
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Definition
| examinig comprehension capabilities in Broca's, Wernicke's and conduction aphasics |
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Term
| caramazza and zurif's('76) conclusion |
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Definition
| both broca and conduction aphasics suffer from subtle comprehension deficis as well, especially weh asked to judge sentences in which semantic cues have been removed |
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Term
| what's a more recent study on the study of aphasic's problems with traces |
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Definition
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Term
| Linenarger, Schawartz ad Saffran (83) did what |
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Definition
| grammaticallity Judgment Task; broca's did very well at it, & identified bad answers |
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Term
| Linenarger, Schawartz ad Saffran (83) tast; |
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Definition
| cross modal priming task: listering to a sentence and doing alexical decisio task at the same time, aphasics are very bad at it |
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Term
| Linenarger, Schawartz ad Saffran (83) results: |
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Definition
| wernike's patients showed an effect in predicted direction, brocas did not. |
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Term
| what is nuewcombe and Uttal's 2006 a criticism of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Newcombe and Uttal's hypothesis? |
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Definition
| if Munduruku don't have the geometric terms, they wouldn't be able to understand those concepts unless they were born with geometic/spatial abilities |
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Term
| mapping task involving 3 containers arranged on the gorup with an ojbect hidden under one of them. |
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Definition
| they were asked to find the object, and sometimes could |
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Term
| Dehane says that this experiemnt... |
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Definition
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Term
| why might Ameircan performed better at the task of geometric tarsnformations? |
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Definition
| Skill levels in metntal roation may depend critically on environmental input and practice |
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Term
| Gelman and Butterword's w2004 question |
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Definition
| do some aspects of numberical congition dpend crucially on language? (= knowledg eof the voaculary for counting or the recursive capabities of syntax and morphology). |
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Term
| are language and math related? |
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Definition
| severyly impared langauge but relatively well-preserved numerical skills. |
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Term
| what nummbers to the munduruku and pirahas have? |
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Definition
| munduruku: words for 1,2,and 3, icnsisten t words for 4 and 5. piraha have inconsistent owrds for 1 and 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is one thing to hold that language facilitiesa the use of numerical concepts and anotehr to saya that it is the cause for those concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
| IMmediacy-f-experience Principle |
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Term
| broca's aphasia is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
| brocas patients can use _ but not _ |
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Definition
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Term
| visual centers are where in the brain |
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Definition
| in the back of the brain in what's called the occipital lobe |
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Term
| the auditory region is where? |
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Definition
| in the side of hte brain known as the temporal lobe |
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Term
| motor centers controllilng facial and speech muscles are located... |
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Definition
| in the middle region of hte brain, called teh parietal lobe |
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Term
| what mediates our sense of touch, and where is it? |
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Definition
| the somatosensory region does, and its in the parietal lobe just behind the motor areas |
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Term
| wernicke's patients can use _ but not _ |
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Definition
| fluent syntax but not lexically correct words |
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Term
| what's an example of a referential gesture? |
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Definition
| raising one's hand and pointing upwards to signify upward movement; in general anything that refers to some aspect of the content |
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Term
| what's an example of an interactive gesture? |
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Definition
| putting up one's hand to show that one's turn isn't finished |
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Term
| what type of gesture do broca's patients have issues with? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of gesture do wernicke's patients have issues with? |
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Definition
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Term
| what's an example of an imaging technique? |
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Definition
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Term
| what occurs with conduction aphasia? |
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Definition
| individuals can understand and produce speech normalls, but have difficulty in repeating what they have heard. |
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Term
| What does Geshwind (1965) say is the cause of conduction aphasia? |
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Definition
| he blames it on a disconnection between the broca's and wernicke's areas |
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Term
| what is the type of aphasia called Pure Word Deafness? |
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Definition
| individuals can read, write an dspeak, but can't understand spoken langauge |
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Term
| what's the connection between broca's and wernicke's areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does it mean to be contralateral? |
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Definition
| that's when one half of hte brain controls the action of the other half. |
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Term
| what's a visual field task? |
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Definition
| tests which field a person is seeing something in |
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Term
| what's a dchotic listening task |
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Definition
| simulataneous presentation fo different stimluli to the two ears |
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Term
| what are evoked potentials in the brain? |
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Definition
| the electrical activity of the brain imedately after the presentation of a stimulus |
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Term
| what's HOlistic processsing? |
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Definition
| the activation of a single metnal represetation of a stimulus |
|
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Term
| what's relational processing? |
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Definition
| the activation of at least two distinct representation along with some between the two. |
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Term
| what does lenneberg claim about the development of lateralization? |
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Definition
| Lenneberg claims that lateralization develops over childhood, and that we aren't borht with lateralized patterns |
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Term
| what is 'displacement' and why is it important for langauge evolution? |
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Definition
| displacement is the ability to refer to things that aren't physically present, and it's important because animals seem to lack the ability to displace |
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Term
| who was Washoe and how far did he get? |
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Definition
| washoe was a chimp that Gardner and Gardner taught ASL |
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Term
| what are some criticisms of the Washoe data? |
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Definition
| Terrace et al(1979) claimed that the sentences weren't creative but were rather prompted by a trainer |
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Term
| what are the approximate number of words at around 5 years for chimps and humans? |
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Definition
| a chimp ended up with about 47 signs, while humans have around 14,000 words |
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Term
| are there intermediate forms of language? |
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Definition
| Pinker and BLoom say that aphasia, pidgins, etc. are all intermediate forms of langauge |
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Term
| whta's linguistic determinism? |
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Definition
| the notion that a language determines certain nonlingustics cognitive processes (sapir-whorf stuff) |
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Term
| what's the difference between linguistics determinism and linguistic relativity? |
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Definition
| linguistics relativity refers to the specific differences between cognitive experiences that it says occur because of linguistic differences. |
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Term
| what are the lexical consequences of the whorfian hypothesis? |
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Definition
| lexical differences change the way that one measures things (more words or different words allow one to precisely say something, or tend one to accidently say something slightly differently. russians lack a word for privacy, for example |
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Term
| what are grammatical issues notices by the whorfians? |
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Definition
| navaho, for example, often doesn't use a subject, but shares things between subject and object. So you can't say 'I was riding the horse', you'd say 'I and hte horse were doing the riding thing'. |
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Term
| what's the grammatical issue involving whorf revolving around english quantification? |
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Definition
| we often can't pluralize mass nouns, but must provide a quantity; instead of "waters" one must say 'a bucket of water', forcing to thing of things in terms of containers. |
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Term
| what's the difference between the strong and weak forms of the whorfian hypothesis? |
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Definition
| The strong one claims a direct causation relationship between linguistic categories and cognitive ones. Nouns create objects etc. the weak, on the other hand, simply claim that one influences the other. |
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Term
| what is counterfactual reasoning, and what's a grammatical element marking it in english? |
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Definition
| the ability to reason about an event that is contrary to fact; sometimes parralleling the english subjunctive |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of a verbal expression |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of words in a given domain that are in the lexicon. how many kindsof snow do you have, for example. |
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