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| Which lobe of the brain processes primary visual information? |
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| Which lobe of the brain processes primary auditory information? |
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Definition
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| Which lobe of the brain processes primary somatosensory information? |
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| Receptor potentials are more similar to _____ than to action potentials |
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| Color vision photoreceptor |
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Definition
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| night vision photoreceptor |
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| low resolution photoreceptor |
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Definition
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| high resolution photoreceptor |
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| Light ______ photoreceptors, resulting in the _____ of some retinal ganglion cells |
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Definition
| are extremely sensitive to light, do not discriminate among wavelengths of light, are saturated in daylight |
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| the term for our ability to sense the position of the limbs and other body parts in space |
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| the term for the perception of pain |
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| the area that a sensory system innervates |
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| receptors generally send information about the external world though the ______ which then projects to the primary sensory corticies |
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Definition
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| Primary sensory areas of the brain |
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Definition
| identify basic properties of stimuli |
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| In primary somatosensory "arm" cortex, adjacent neurons respond to ______ portions of the arm |
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| The primary auditory cortex is topographically organized by |
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| Receptive field for sensory system neurons get ____and ____ at progressively "higher" hierarchical areas |
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| Receptive fields of photo receptors are |
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Definition
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| Receptive fields of visual cortex neurons tend to be |
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Definition
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| Neurons in the early stages of sensory processing respond to |
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| neurons in the later stages of sensory processing respond best to |
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| Dorsal visual stream processes info about |
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| Ventral visual stream processes info about |
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Definition
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| A hypercolumn in visual cortex contains |
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Definition
| all of the circuitry necessary for initial processing of all visual info from a particular place in the visual field |
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| Cerebellum plays a role in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consists of 1 alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates |
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| Parkinson's disease results from damage to structures in the |
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Definition
| contains circuits specialized for monosynaptic reflexes and rhythmic movements |
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Definition
| contains circuits specialized for voluntary fractionation of movements by groups of muscles |
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| More muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron in the ___ than in the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of neurons synapse with lower motor neurons? |
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Definition
| sensory neurons, local interneurons, neurons from descending pathways |
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| Decending motor pathways can ___ reflex circuits |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary motor cortex is primary involved with |
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| Premotor cortical areas are primarily involved with |
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Definition
| planning of complex motor sequences |
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| Axons from motor cortex synapse directly with neurons in the |
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Definition
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| The larger area of motor cortex devoted to the distal extremities allows for |
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Definition
| greater fractionation of movement for those areas |
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Term
| The final common pathway for all motor actions is the |
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Definition
| Contains cell bodies of interneurons upon which afferent neurons terminate |
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Definition
| Afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through this structure |
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Definition
| contains cell bodies of afferent neurons |
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Definition
| contains cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons supplying skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| efferent fibers leave the spinal cord through this structure |
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Term
| The _____ contains simple monosynaptic reflex circuits consisting of primary afferent and a primary efferent |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ contains circuits responsible for voluntary movements of distal musculature |
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Definition
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| The ___ contains circuits responsible for balance and axial musculature control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| medial lower motor neurons innervate axial muscles and lateral lower motor neurons innervate distal muscles |
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Term
| Lower motor neurons control |
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Definition
| ipsilateral single muscles |
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| Upper motor neurons control |
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Definition
| contralateral groups of muscles |
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Term
| How many motor neurons is each muscle fiber innervated by? |
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Definition
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| Motor neurons release ___ at the so-called neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all of the motor neurons innervating all of the fibers of a whole muscle |
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Term
| Descending pathways from the brain are comprised of the axons of |
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Definition
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Term
| The cell bodies of the lower motor neurons are located in the ventral horn of the ____ and in the cranial nerve motor nuclei of the ____ |
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Definition
| spinal cord's gray mater, brain stem |
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Term
| The arrangement of inputs to the cerebellum that allows for comparison of information functions to reduce ___ in subsequent movements |
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Definition
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| the concept that the mind and the brain are inseparable |
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Term
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Definition
nerve cells (neurons) are
discreet elements instead of a mass of connected glands |
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| Divisions of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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Definition
| Where neurons communicate with each other |
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Term
| Nervous system communication consists of ___ in the ____ and ____ in the _____. |
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Definition
| electrical, cell membrane, chemical, synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| a "hill" in the convoluted cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| a "valley" in the convoluted cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| a gap in myelin exposing bare axon that speeds signal conduction |
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Term
| Major types of cell in the CNS |
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Definition
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| Neurons can generally be classified as |
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Definition
| sensory, motor or interaction |
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Term
| Myelin is composed of glial cells called |
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Definition
| schwann cells and oligodendrocytes |
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Term
| A neurons inputs come in through the |
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Definition
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| A neurons output goes through the |
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Definition
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| Cerebrospinal fluid is manufactured by the |
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Definition
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| All of the following make up the meninges |
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Definition
| pia mater, arachnoid, dura matter |
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Term
| Which layer of the meninges is closest to the brain |
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Definition
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Definition
| frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal |
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| Gray matter is composed of |
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| white matter is composed of |
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Definition
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Term
Stimulus-organ-response, stimulus = light, response = eye movement
Receptor |
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Definition
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Term
Stimulus-organ-response, stimulus = light, response = eye movement
Afferent |
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Definition
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Term
Stimulus-organ-response, stimulus = light, response = eye movement
Integrator |
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Definition
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Term
Stimulus-organ-response, stimulus = light, response = eye movement
efferent |
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Definition
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Term
Stimulus-organ-response, stimulus = light, response = eye movement
Effector |
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Definition
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Term
| Circuits of neuronal synaptic connection are characterized by |
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Definition
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Term
| Compared to the outside of the membrane, the inside is electrically ___ in polarity |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two types of ions are more concentrated outside of the neuronal membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two types of ions are more concentrated inside of the neuronal membrane? |
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Definition
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Definition
| a transient reversal in membrane potential that travels toward the axon terminal |
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Term
| Release of ____ into the terminal induces the release of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which NT vesicles "meld" with the membrane in the axon terminal and spill their contents into the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| the term for a synapse in which 1 axon terminal synapses with another axon terminal |
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Term
| Axon transmits information in a _____ fashion |
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Definition
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Term
| dendrites transmit information in a ____ fashion |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 main classes of NT in the nervous system |
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Definition
| large molecule, small molecule |
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Definition
| type of postsynaptic receptor that produces slow, modulatory effects by activating enzymatic reactions inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein embedded in the cell membrane that binds with ligands and/or drugs |
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Term
| reuptake/ carrier type of membrane protein |
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Definition
| requires the use of energy by the neurons |
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Term
| Gated ion channels can be opened by |
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Definition
| chemicals, voltage, mechanical force |
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Term
| The most common inhibitory and excitatory NTs in the brain are |
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Definition
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Term
| A synapse is excitatory or inhibitory based on |
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Definition
| the gated ion channels that are opened |
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Term
| NTs can be neutralized via all of these mechanisms |
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Definition
| enzymatic degradation, reuptake via carrier receptors, processing by glial cells |
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