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| sensory fibers conveying info towards the CNS |
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| motor fibers conveying info from the CNS |
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| towards the tip of the head |
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| towards the tip of the tail |
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| upper surface of the body |
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| bottom surface of the body |
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| used instead of rostral for humans |
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| used instead of caudal for humans |
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| How many pairs of spinal nerves branch off from the cord? |
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| Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) |
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| cell bodies for all sensory neurons entering the spinal cord; cell bodies lie outside the CNS in the PNS |
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| specific body regions which receive/project info |
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| long nerves from the spinal cord that dangle down and branch off to the legs |
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| opaque CNS tissue, bundle of mylinated axons |
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| translucent CNS tissue, unmyelinated, occupy central region of the spinal cord |
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| In the first stages of sensory processing, synaptic connections are |
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| systematic and hierarchical |
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| First cell in the sensory system is |
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| The soma of ALL first-order neurons lie |
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| outside the CNS in the PNS in the DRG |
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| left brain control right side of body and vice versa; nerve fibers often cross midline to innervate structures on the other side of the body |
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| when a projection crosses |
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| when it stays on the same side |
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| activated by noxious (damaged tissue) stimuli |
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| mechanorecptors, all other somatosensory systems |
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1. first-order mechanoreceptors enter spinal cord, ascent ipsilaterally without synapsing, and ascend in dorsal column of spinal chord
2. connects with second-order cell in brainstem
3. axons of second-order cell decussate and project onto third-order in the thalamus |
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1. first-order cells are in the DRG
2. synapse onto second-order cell in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
3. axons of the second-order decussate and then project to brainstem onto third-order cells in thalamus and reticular formation |
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| The origin for motor command lies in the |
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| cerebral cortex (motor cortex) |
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| Final common path for motor commands is |
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| in the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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| project axon to contact lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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| send axons that exit the CNS and innervate the skeletal muscles |
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| Cell bodies lie in the gray matter of the |
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| the ventral roots, synapse on skeletal muscle |
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| The synapse on skeletal muscle is exclusively |
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| cholinegic (uses acetylcholine); acts excitatory in nature |
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| largest neurons in mammalian brain |
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axons that leave upper motor neurons and cross the midline at the decussation of the pyramids, thus the contralateral in nature;
tracts then descend in white matter and insert into ventral horn of spinal cord & innervate lower motor neurons |
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| many sources of extrapyramidal motor neurons, primarily from sub-corical and brainstem; interact with pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex and with lower motors neurons in the spinal cord; projects both contralateral and ipsilateral |
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| capacity to integrate afferent input into appropriate motor output |
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| A lot of integration of stimuli/responses occur at the |
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| contain a stretch receptor which, when stretched, activates synapses on a lower motor neuron which in turn activates the extra fusal fiber of the same muscle to contract |
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| Every muscle in the body has a |
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| monosynaptic reflect (can stretch and contract) |
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| Muscles exist in antagonist pairs of |
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| Brain is divided into (2) |
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| Forebrain is divided into (2) |
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| Cortical is composed of (4) |
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| frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe |
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| Subcortical is composed of (4) |
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| thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic lobes |
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| Brainstem is composed of (4) |
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| medulla, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum |
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| Reticular formation is made up of (3) |
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| raphe nuclei, locus coerulus, and substantia nigra |
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| straddle midsagittal line in brainstem; #1 source of SEROTONIN; projects rostral and caudal |
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| Locus Coerulus (blue spot) |
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| small nucleus on each side of dorsal brainstem; #1 source of NOREPINEPHRINE (fight/flight); projects to cortical and subcortical regions |
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| Substantia nigra (black substance) |
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| ventral brainstem; major source of DOPAMINE; project to basal ganglia and limbic medial forebrain |
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| caudate neucleus, putamen, globus pallidus; contain neurons that make up the extrapyramidal motor system; interact with pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex |
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| Pyramidal neurons send fiber tracts directly through the |
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| input from limbic and brainstem -> output to pituitary gland via the pituitary stalk (infondibulum) |
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| Posterior pituitary gland |
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| axon terminals from neurons in hypothalamus release peptides into blood |
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| cells release peptides into blood and are controlled by neurons in hypothalamus |
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| adrenel cortex (anterior) |
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| mammary glands (anterior) |
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| bone and muscle organs (anterior) |
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| nuclei relay AUDITORY info |
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| Ventralposterior lateral and medial |
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| nuclei relay SOMATOSENSORY info |
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| Neocortex is divided into |
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| four lobes with separate functions |
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| cortex rostral to the central sulcus; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX |
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| cortex caudal to the central sulcus; PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX |
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| caudal tip of the skull (occiput); PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX |
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| separated by lateral sulus; PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX |
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| lays beneath the bone and is a tough leathery membrane |
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| separates/insulates blood vessels and brain tissue |
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| stimuli to concentrate on novel stimuli |
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| Intensity of stimulus is represented by |
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| action potential frequencies |
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| Each sensory system in the brain has |
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| sub-cortical and cortical structures devoted to that function |
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| Somatic sensation come from (3) |
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| pressure, vibration, and deflection |
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| free nerve endings of small, myelinated and unmyelinated fibers that transport info regarding noxious stimuli to the CNS; tissue damage depolarizes these nociceptors directly |
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| transduce (other sensory neurons change physical energy in the form of pressure, stretch, or vibration) |
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| Primary sensory neurons located in the DRG have |
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| specialized neurites that project to the periphery that conduct action potentials |
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| neurites then tranduce physical energy (pressure, stretch, vibration) into neural energy by directly depolarizing the most peripheral patch of membrane |
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| conferred by pacinian corpuscle |
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| homunculus (neural representation of body surface) |
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| Size of body structure reflects |
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| disproportional sensitivity |
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| Cortical areas receiving sensory info from the body lie |
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| directly across the divide from cortical regions activating motor output of the body |
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| flaps of skin and cartilage that focus sound |
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| AKA eardrum; separates the outer and middle ear |
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| first of three bones in the middle ear |
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| gets hammered by the malleus and vibrates the stirrup (stapes) |
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| gets vibrated by the anvil |
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| becomes deformed by the stirrup; separates the air-filled middle ear form the fluid-filled inner ear |
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| fluid filled chamber in the middle of the cochlea |
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| resonant structure within the cochlear duct that houses neurons that transduce sound energy into energy |
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| cochlea and the vestibular apparatus |
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| Depolarization of the ear |
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| Utricle and saccule are involved with |
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| stereocilia bent by action of calcium carbonate crystals |
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| Frontal lobes are mostly associated with |
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| Parietal lobes are mostly associated with |
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| The pyramidal motor neurons are oriented similarly to the |
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| activates axon collaterals innervating lower motor neurons in the ventral horn at several levels of the spinal cord |
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| Only lower motor neurons controlling the ____ are under the sole and direct control of individual neurons in the primary motor cortex |
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| The Basal Ganglia is prone to a number of diseases |
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| whose symptoms always include inhibition of voluntary movements and initiation of motor movement |
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| when arterioles and venules become blocked |
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| total paralysis on one side of the body |
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| deficit in striatal dopamine levels secreted by substantial nigra neurons; inability to initiate movement and a "pill-rolling" tremor |
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| inability to initiate movement |
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| effective treatment, losses effectiveness over time |
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| Transplant dopaminergic tissue |
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| controversial due to efficacy/donor |
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| deficit in striatal cells secreting GABA and acetylcholine; excess of undesired movements & lack of muscle tone; genetic treatment; no treatment |
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| exerts a precise and coordinated but limited influence over the activity of the extrapyramidal system especially with respect to motor execution |
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| produce seizures (convulsive motor excitation) |
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| rigid muscle constriction |
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| dramatic jerking movement |
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