Term
|
Definition
| Theorized that the brain was composed of individual, highly specialized cells called NEURONS. They are not connected but seperated by a functional space called a synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parikaryon (Soma/Cell Body), Neurites (Dendrites/Axons), Synaptic Terminals (Boutons), Common cell structures |
|
|
Term
| Synaptic Vesicles contain... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre-synaptic terminal releases __________ to post-synaptic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters are _________ and Neurotransmitter receptors are _________. |
|
Definition
| Chemicals or Peptides, Proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uptake unused neurotransmitters to reduce waste and re-use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bipolar, unipolar, multipolar, pyrimidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multipolar Neuron is a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Law of Dynamic Polarization |
|
Definition
| Explains neuronal function, deduced function from structure. Dendrites recieve, axons output. |
|
|
Term
| Law of Dynamic Polarization (REVISED) |
|
Definition
There were exceptions to the connections.
Axosomatic (Axon on Soma) Axoaxonic (Axon on Axon) Axosynaptic (Axon on Synapse) |
|
|
Term
| Information always flow ___synaptic to ___synaptic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmit information to muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lie between sensory and motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site of important cellular events that control neuronal function. Separates intercellular events and extracellular events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polar Molecules have a ______ charge. |
|
Definition
| electrical; Like charges repel, opposites attract |
|
|
Term
| The lipid bylayers head is _______ and the tail is ________. |
|
Definition
| Hydrophilic (Water Loving), Hydrophobic (Water Fearing) |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids are Amphipathic which... |
|
Definition
| Have both hydrophobic & hydrophilic regions |
|
|
Term
| Nonpolar molecules have ______ charge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The main transport system, which package and transport NTs |
|
|
Term
| The hydrophobic interior is an effective barrier to charged particles. Pumps which are within the bylayer is commonly referred to the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic material of cell; made up of Genes; is transcribed to make RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcription is the process of converting DNA into RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribonucleic acid;template for making proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| messenger RNA; the template for the synthesis of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the synthesis of RNA into proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chains of AAs; produced in the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act as building blocks of proteins; but five function as NT molecules |
|
|
Term
| what five AAs function as NT molecules? |
|
Definition
| glutamate, aspartate, glycine, tyrosine, tryptophan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursors for several classical NT like dopamine and serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursor for several classical NT like dopamine and serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small proteins released from the nerve cell; act as neurochemical signals between neurons (like NTs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actin, tubulin, elastin; help determine nerve cell shape and movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a catalyst is a protein, it is called an enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport of new proteins to distant locations in the neurites; produced by structural proteins (microtubules, neurofilaments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| away from cell body; aka anterograde |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterograde transport motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retrograde transport motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane, secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when exocytosis is greater than endocytsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical signals exchanged between synaptic partners for neurites to find their was during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presynaptic cell increases trophic influence, postsynaptic cell decreases receptor number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denervation super-sensitivity to any transmitter around the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mylinate neuron and associate with a single neuronal axon. If damaged forms guidance tube to regenerating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| send out finger filopodia at withdrawal and approach cycles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finger feet that flatten on correct partner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the PNS glial cells that mylinate are called ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the PNS when axons are damaged Schwann Cells can or cannot regenerate the axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the CNS damage to the axon is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ supply several axons in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 Ions deal with the membrane of neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All matter is formed of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One mole of particle in a liter is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charged particles must pass through a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intercellular environment is rich in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular enviornment is rich in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inside the cell __ has a high concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outside the cell _, _, and _ have high concentrations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________, tries to push down the gradient towards equilibrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________, wants to push back up the gradient to stay in the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resting potential of the membrane is __mV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What equation will figure out when the concentration of each ion (K+, Na+, etc.) reaches equilibrium (Equilibrium Potential) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement that gives the resting potential positive charge is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement that gives the resting potential negative charge is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relative permeability are K:C:Na |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Goldman Equation, includes the influence of permeability, the answer is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The extra -3mV is gained through the |
|
Definition
| Sodium-Potassium Pump, by taking out 3 Positive Na+'s and adds 2 K+'s in |
|
|
Term
| The electrically excitable domain is in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Axon the positive charge will activate the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many mV need to activate the threshold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative charge will make the cell more |
|
Definition
| Negative, will make it more negative with NO threshold |
|
|
Term
| An all or none event in the axon is a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The action potential has three steps which are... |
|
Definition
| Rapid Depolariation, Rapid Hyperpolarization, and a Gradual Return |
|
|
Term
| During the action potential Na+ flows ___, and K+ flows ___ |
|
Definition
| In, Out, because K+ concentration is higher on the inside and Na+ is higher on the outside - flow high to low |
|
|
Term
| Cl- has __ effect on the action potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ is ________ dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ channels only exist in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At rest the Na+ channel is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During depolariziation the Na+ channel is... |
|
Definition
| Open, the AA's twist and reshape the protein |
|
|
Term
| Inactivation Mechanism is... |
|
Definition
| The point where Na+ channel reaches the refractory period making the gate close regardless of state and time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in functional harmony with the Na+ channel |
|
|
Term
| T/F The K+ channel has a Inactivation Mechanisim |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K+ channel has a delay mechanism which delays opening for |
|
Definition
| 1msec after depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Where does the action potential occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electrically excitable domain is the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca++ channels are in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium phosphorolates ________ to let go go of the Bound Cells (to become free cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca++ facilitates release of vesicles which is called... |
|
Definition
| Calcium mediated release (exocytosis) |
|
|
Term
| Ca/Calmodium helps facilitate ________ to phosphorolate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chemically excitable domain is located in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excitatory, leads to the action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When K+ decreases in conductance it will create a ________ effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cl-, and K+ (when it increases) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a lot of Cl- inhibits the post synaptic potential, which inhibits the action potential |
|
|
Term
| All the Postsynaptic potentials added together is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Synapses closer to the Axon Hillock are more influential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temporal Summation is when... |
|
Definition
| Over time the same EPSP or IPSP are added - one at the same time will cancel out |
|
|
Term
| 1 EPSP and 1 IPSP will cancel each other out, this is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The influence of summation - synapses closer to the action hillock are more influential |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition processes happen... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ligands (Neurotransmitter) |
|
|
Term
| Once the ligand binds the gate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How fast a ligand binds to a receptor (How well) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biologically effective a ligand is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ligands which induce post synaptic potential; has affinity and potency which naturally occur (biologically) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to a receptor and do NOT activate it biologically but it has HIGH affinity and low potency. (poisions *not natural*) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allosteric Modifiers are... |
|
Definition
| Ligands who bind to receptors in different locations which increase affinity for ligands to bind |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Allosteric Modifiers are... |
|
Definition
| drugs, modulators (natural) |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine is a NT which is... |
|
Definition
| Synthesized in the pre synaptic terminal |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways ACh are stopped are... |
|
Definition
| Desensitization, makes receptors more responsive in presence of agonist. Diffusion from the synapse. And Breakdown of molecule by AChE (Acetylcholinesterase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AChase, which breaks down acytocholine |
|
|
Term
| ACh acts at the Neuromuscular junctions which... |
|
Definition
| connects motor neuron and skeletal muscle cholinergic synapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F GABA is not common in the brain |
|
Definition
| False, GABA is the most common |
|
|
Term
| GABA is synthesized from the AA of Glutamic Acid which is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GAD converts glutamate to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA Transaminase recycles GABA for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA receptors are allosteric sites for... |
|
Definition
| Benzodiazipines and Barbituates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the majority of synapses are inhibitory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GABA agonists due to dropping GABA cells |
|
|
Term
| Glutamate and Aspartate are both main __________ NTs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glutamate/Aspartate mediated cell death (stroke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibition in the spinal chord, used instead of GABA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dopamine, epinepheren, norepinephern (synthesized by Thyrozene) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Melatonin and Serotonin (synthsized from tyrptofan) |
|
|
Term
| AA's are building blocks for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TOH is a rate limiting enzyme |
|
Definition
| sythesizes NTs DA, NE, E from Tyrozene (sites on TOH DA and NE shuts off synthesis) |
|
|
Term
| 5HTP Decarboxlase (Seratonin)=AAA Decarboxlyase which synthesizes |
|
Definition
| Dopamine from L-Dopa and serotonin from tryptofan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptide is produced in the _____, and sent down the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptides are 'metabolically expensive', thus |
|
Definition
| acting in low concentrations for long periods of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin and Oxytocin are... |
|
Definition
| Peptides which are involved in agression, nuturing (breast feeding), and other CNS functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances which act allosterically, which increase affinity for another ligand |
|
|
Term
| T/F Peptides can work with other NTs |
|
Definition
|
|
