Term
| What do all major stimulants cause? |
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Definition
Increased alertness, excitation, and euphoria. |
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Term
| What are Stimulants commonly referred to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dependence to Stimulants can be caused due to their , , and properties. |
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Definition
Euphoric, ergogenic, and nootropic properties. |
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Term
| What are the main categories of Stimulants? |
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Definition
1. Amphetamines
2. Cocaine
3. Caffeine
4. Khat
5. CAT |
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Term
| A mixture of amphetamines with what other drug is quite common? |
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Definition
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Term
| An especially strong amphetamine with a high abuse potential |
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Definition
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Term
| Methamphetamine is referred to as or when swallowed or sniffed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Methamphetamine is referred to as when injected |
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Definition
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Term
| Methamphetamine is referred to as when smoked. |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of U.S. adolescents use methamphetamine annually? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the approved uses of Amphetamines? |
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Definition
1. Narcolepsy
2. Short term weight reduction
3. Hyperkinetic Behavior (ADD/ADHD)*most used |
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Term
| What percent of the elementary school aged population is believed to be affected by ADHD? |
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Definition
3-5%, more commonly males |
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Term
| What percent of ADHD children are medicated yearly, and what percent will be medicated at some time during their school years? |
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Definition
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Term
| More than what percent of ADHD children in North America receive stimulants? |
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Definition
| 2%, or about 600,000 children |
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Term
| What percent of ADHD children respond positively, and what percent show no response or adverse responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the stimulant Methylphenidate known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the stimulant Dextroamphetamine known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulant are 4 Amphetamines used to create? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the stimulant Pemoline known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| When amphetamines, such as Adderall, do not work for an individual suffering from ADHD, what are the next options? |
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Definition
Try to treat the individual with non-amphetamine drugs such as Ritalin or Cylert. |
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Term
| What are the side effects of amphetamine used to treat ADHD? |
|
Definition
1. Irritability
2. Anorexia
3. Insomnia
4. Tics
5. Psychotic Symptoms
6. Hypertension
7. Growth Suppression (only an issue for adolescents and children) |
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Term
| In order to prevent the side effect of growth supression by ADHD prescribed amphetamines, what is suggested one do? |
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Definition
Recommend weekend and summer holidays if possible |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Drugs that suppress appetite for food |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Meaningless repetition of a single activity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A condition causing spontaneous and uncontrolled sleeping episodes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An injectable methamphetamine used by drug addicts |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Chemicals used to produce a drug |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A smokable form of methamphetamine |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Initial pleasure after amphetamine use that includes racing heartbeat and elevated blood pressure |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 4 to 16 hours after drug use; includes feelings of energy and power |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intense use of a stimulant, consisting of multiple administrations over a period of days |
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Definition
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Term
| Similar to a run, but usually of shorter duration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Repeated administration of methamphetamine to maintain the high |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Elevated body temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| Combinations of amphetamine or cocaine with an opioid narcotic, often heroin |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug used by young adults at dance parties such as raves |
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Definition
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Term
| Contaminating substances are mixed in to dilute the drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| Conversion of cocaine into its alkaline form for smoking |
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Definition
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Term
| Already processed and inexpensive "freebased" cocaine, ready for smoking |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Infants born to women who use crack cocaine during pregnancy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Infants born to women who used cocaine during their pregnancy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The family of drugs that includes caffeine |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Symptoms caused by taking high chronic doses of caffeine |
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Definition
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Term
| How do amphetamines work? |
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Definition
Since amphetamines are synthetic chemicals that are similar to natural neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and the stress hormone epinephrine, amphetamines exert their pharmacological effect by increasing the release and blockage of the metabolism of these catecholamines as well as seretonin. |
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Term
| A highly addictive stimulant that is often cheaper and much longer lasting than cocaine, sometimes known as "poor man's cocaine." |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some precursor chemicals for methamphetamine? |
|
Definition
Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenulpropanolamine |
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Term
| It is estimated that what percent of meth is imported, and therefore keeping supplies abundant and cost low? |
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Definition
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Term
| To relieve some of the side effects of the extensive use of methamphetamine, tweakers often use a depressant such as , , , or . |
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Definition
Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, or Opioid Narcotics |
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Term
| What is the most popular designer amphetamine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What shrub is cocaine found in the leaves of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first local anesthetic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ways Cocaine can be administered? |
|
Definition
Cocaine can be taken orally, inhaled into the nasal passages, injected intravenously, or smoked. |
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Term
| This administration of Cocaine produces the least potent effects because most of the drug is destroyed in the gut or liver before it reaches the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10% to 15% of those who try intranasal cocaine go on to this heavier form of dosing. There are severe side effects and dependence. The "high" is intenst but short-lived; within 15 to 20 minutes. Cocaine must be readministered every 10 to 30 minutes. |
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Definition
Intravenous Administration |
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Term
| What form of Cocaine administration is characterised as being as intense or more than those echieved through intravenous administrations. The onset is very rapid, eht euphoria is dramatic, the depression is severe, the side effects are dangerous, and the chances of dependence are high. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the pharmacological effects of cocaine use stem from enhanced activity of catecholamine and serotonin transmitters. It is believed that the principal action of the drug is to... |
|
Definition
Block the reuptake and inactivation of these substance following their release from neurons |
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Term
| What is the second most common source of caffeine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effects Amphetamines have on Neurotransmission? |
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Definition
1. Are NE agonists (mimic NE)
2. Stimulates release of monoamines (precursor to NE- dopamine)
3. Inhibit MAO
4. Block catecholamine reuptake |
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Term
| Amphetamine-like drugs can be used in pharmaceuticals such as... |
|
Definition
1. Nasal Decongestants
2. Appetite Suppressants |
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Term
Given the name, describe the form of the Cocaine derivative and the route of administration:
Coca
Cocaine
Freebase
Crack |
|
Definition
Coca- leaf (flowers, leaves, bushels), chewed
Cocaine- HCL powder (typically adulterated), orally, snorted, or injected
Freebase- alkaloid, smoked
Crack- pure rocks, smoked |
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Term
| What are the three abstinence phases in the chronic abuser? |
|
Definition
"Crash" - 1-2 days, include symptoms of NE depletion later.
"Withdrawal"- 1-10 weeks, include anhedonia
"Extinction"- indefinite |
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Term
| Anhedonia, anxiety, intense craving, obsession with drug-seeking all characterize what phase of cocaine abstinence? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Fatigue, no craving, insomnia, and exhaustion are all characteristics of what phase of cocaine abstinence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Agitation, Depression, Anorexia, and Suicidal thoughts are all characteristics of what phase of cocaine abstinence? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mood swings and occasional cravings due to cues are characteristics of what phase of cocaine abstinence? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mood swings, sleep returns, and some craving are all characteristics of what phase of cocaine abstinence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the trend in % of Americans who drink coffee from 1962 to 1987? |
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Definition
The trend is that coffee consumption had declined from 1962 to 1987. This is most likely because an increase in the consumption of soda and other caffeinated beverages. |
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Term
What are the members of the Methylxanthine family?
What are Methylxanthines also known as? |
|
Definition
Caffeine or trimethylxanthine
Theophyline
Theobromine
Xanthine Family |
|
|
Term
Where do we find theophyline?
What is another use for theophyline? |
|
Definition
Tea, more specifically, brown tea.
Used as a prescription for asthma |
|
|
Term
| What Xanthine is found in chocolate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What two other components of chocolate have been isolated and what have they been found to do? |
|
Definition
Phenylethylamine- found to be closely linked with amorous activity
Anandamide- an endogenous THC-like compound, so essentially, the brains own marijuana. |
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Term
| What are the Behavioral Effects that Xanthines have on the body? |
|
Definition
Low doses enhance mental alertness and reduce fatigue
High doses impair performance because of side effects (restlessness, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, diuresis, muscle twitching, tremors, rambling thoughts/speech, and stomach complaints and headaches)
May effect introverts/extroverts differently
Reduces boredom
Stimulant effects are most pronounced in unstimulated drowsy subjects
Effects are more pronounced in children. |
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Term
What was the effect Caffeine had on the variable of physical endurance while:
Biking with a fixed load?
Biking with a progressive load? |
|
Definition
Increased endurance
No effect |
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|
Term
What was the effect did Caffeine have on the Motor Skills area of:
Hand-eye coordination?
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
What effect did Caffeine have on the areas of Vigilance:
Night Driving Simulation
Target Scanning |
|
Definition
Increase
Light user- decrease, Heavy user- no effect |
|
|
Term
What effect did Caffeine have on the effects of Reaction Time:
Simple?
Choice-Decision time?
Choice- Motor time?
|
|
Definition
Decreases (speeds up)
Increase (slows down)
Decrease |
|
|
Term
What effect did Caffeine have on Verbal tests like the GRE Practice test in areas such as:
Speed/accuracy
Time Stress Accuracy in extroverts/introverts
Accuracy in low impulsives and high impulsives |
|
Definition
Extroverts- increase with dose, Introverts decrease with dose
Extroverts- increases, Introverts- decreases
Low impulsives- increase in am, decrease in pm, High impulsives- decrease in am, increase in pm. |
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Term
| What are the psyciological effects of xanthines on the body? |
|
Definition
Diuretic
Increases basal metabolic rate
Alleviates some types of headache due to vasoconstrictor properties
Stimulates gastric acid and pepsin secretion
Dilates bronchi of the lungs (especially theophyline)
At high doses it may increast heart rate and BP |
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Term
| What is the Lethal Dose in humans (in terms of cups of coffee)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At levels greater than the side effects of panic, chills, nausea, and clumsiness occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What range of grams have seizures, respiratory failure, and death for Caffeine intake occurred at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is derived from the Catha Edulis shrub? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Is there a risk for tolerance or dependence to Khat? |
|
Definition
No, effects are similar to ampehtamines, but it is less potent, and tolerance does not develop and there is no physicald dependence. |
|
|
Term
| What two controlled substances are found in Khat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many times more potent that cathine is cathinone?
Where is cathinone only present? |
|
Definition
Approximately 10 times more potent
Cathinone is only present in fresh leaves, which is why leaves less than 48 hours old are preferred.
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|
|
Term
| Methcathinone is also known by what name, and what is it the structural analogue of? |
|
Definition
CAT, and it is the structural analogue of methamphetamine and cathinone. |
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