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Psychoactive Drugs and Behavior
Exam #3- Analgesics/Narcotics
51
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
08/01/2011

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Cards

Term
What are the 2 types of Analgesics?
Definition

1. Opiates

2. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)

Term
What are the common types of Opiates?
Definition

1. Opium

2. Codeine

3. Morphine

4. Heroin

Term
A drug like Promethazin, a phenothiazine with antihistamine, antiemetic, and sedative properties, may be added with opiates because...
Definition

Due to its antiemetic properties, Promethazin may be added to a narcotic drug to prevent the user from the common opiate side effects of nausea and vomitting. Also, Promethazin has a synergistic effect with some opiates, like codeine.

Term
What are the Natural and Semisynthetic Opiates?
Definition

Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin

Term
What are the Synthetic Opiates?
Definition

Demerol, Methadone, Talwin

Term
What are some Opiate blockers, or antagonists?
Definition

Nalorphine, Naloxone, or Naltrexone.

Term
What are the main Physiological Effects of Opiates?
Definition

1. Analgesic- relieves pain

2. Antitussive- relieves cough

3. Constipation- anti-diarrheal, firms the stool.

Term
What are some common side effects of Opiates?
Definition

Drowsiness, mental clouding

Respiratory Depression (typically offset by pain)

Nausea, vomiting, and contipation

Inability to urinate

Drop in blood pressure

Abuse potential

Term
What drug is used when a person comes into the emergency room due to an opiate overdose?
Definition

Naltrexone

Term
Who discovered the endogenous opiate receptors?
Definition

Solomon Snyder (1973)

Term
While opiate abuse levels have stayed relatively steady over the past few years, what specific opiate drug has seen dramatic increases in its reported abuse?
Definition

Oxycontin

Term
What is the duration of action for Methadone?
Definition

24-48 hours

Term
What opiate has a potency equivalent to 80 times that of Morphine?
Definition
Fentanyl
Term
Codeine has a potency roughly .10 that of Morphine, but what else should we take into consideration?
Definition

That about 10% of Codeine is metabolized into Morphine in the body

Term
Describe the parameters of Plonsky & Freeman's 1980 study on Methadone and Social Behavior:
Definition

In order to combat the idea that Methadone was a "socially rehabilitative" drug, Plonsky and Freeman had 4 different groups of rats, consisting of 9 rats in each group. One dose was just administered sesame oil, one other a low level of methadone, one a moderate level of methadone, and one a high level of methadone.

Term
What two factors were measure by Plonsky and Freeman's Methadone and Social Behavior study?
Definition

1. Time in Contact- time spent touching

2. Activity Levels- defined by photo-beam counts

Term
What did the results of Plonsky and Freeman's study reveal about Methadone and Social Behavior?
Definition

As the methadone dosage levels went up, the amount of social interaction/activity decreased. For example, 200 seconds out of 300 seconds were spent touching in the placebo group whereas the high methadone dose group touched for less than 15 seconds.

In order to make sure that this wasn't attributed to the sedative like effects of methadone, activity levels were measured and showed that despite an initial level of low activity, tolerance developed and the rats became nearly as active as the placebo group.

Term
What are the two broad categories of NSAID's?
Definition

1. Salicylates- including Asprin and Acetaminophen

2. Others- including Ibuprofen, Naproxen, and Ketoprofen

Term
What are the Physiological Effects of NSAIDs?
Definition

1. Anagesia- works for somatic rather than visceral pain

2. Antipyretic- reduces fever

3. Anti-inflammatory- reduces swelling, but must maintain high sustained doses for this effect.

Term
What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?
Definition

Somatic pain pertains to musculoskeletal pain, whereas visceral pain refers to internal (organ) pain.

Term
Which of the NSAIDs does not have an anti-inflammatory effect?
Definition

Acetaminophen

Term
What is an example of a brand name Acetaminophen?
Definition

Tylenol

Term
What is an example of a brand name Ibuprofen?
Definition

Advil, Motrin

Term
What is an example of a brand name Naproxen?
Definition

Aleve

Term
What is an example of a name brand Ketoprofen?
Definition

Orudis KT

Term
What does the term "salic" refer to?
Definition

It refers to the bark of a willow tree, which is where salicylates such as asprin and acetaminophen are derived.

Term
What are some common side effects of Asprin?
Definition

1. Gastrointestinal- irritation, bleeding, ulcer aggravation

2. Blood- interference with clotting; prolongs bleeding

3. Ears- chronic high doses cause tinnitus and hearing loss.

4. Pediatric- Reye's Syndrome

Term
What are two of the attempts drug companies have made to try and alleviate the gastrointestinal side effects of aspirin?
Definition

1. Buffering- doesn't work

2. Enteric Coating- does work by utilizing a coating that prevents it from totally being broken down in the stomach

Term
What are some common side effects of Acetaminophen?
Definition

1. Liver- acute high doses or chronic exposure can cause severe damage.

2. Heavy use of Tylenot is tied to kidney failure/ills

Term
When mixed with Acetaminophen, what other drug can intensify the side effects typically found?
Definition

Alcohol can make the side effects of Acetaminophen worse.

Term
What are the common side effects of Ibuprofen and newer NSAIDs?
Definition

1. Gastrointestinal- similar to asprin, but less severe

2. Blood- similar to aspirin, but less severe

3. Kidneys- damage in elderly or those with existing kidney disease

Term

Describe Reye's Syndrome:

Definition

Reye's Syndrome is a disease elieved to be caused by medicines that contain salicylate. It affects mostly younk people, and appears soon after flu-like infection or chicken pox. Death is common and may occur in only a few days.

The syndrome was recognized by Douglas Reye in 1963

It is clear that ingestion of aspirin during and after a viral illness significantly increases the chance of the disease. More than 90% of the reported cases were found in those 15 and younger, which is why aspirin is only to be used by those older than 16.

Term
What is the typical dose for OTC medications?
Definition

325 mgs

Term
What is the downfall to enteric coated drugs?
Definition

They take longer to go into effect.

Term
How do opiates combat pain, and how does this differ from NSAIDs?
Definition

Opiates combat pain by activating the endorphin or enkephalin receptor sites, whereas NSAIDs stop or reduce prostaglandin production

Term
What are drugs that relieve pain without affecting consciousness?
Definition

Analgesics

Term
Relating to the drugs that are derived from opium
Definition

Opioid

Term
Drug that blocks coughing
Definition

Antitussive

Term
Combining heroin and cocaine
Definition

Speedballing

Term
to inject a drug of abuse intravenously
Definition

Mainline

Term
What is the name of the opium poppy in which opium and its naturally occurring narcotic derivatives are obtained?
Definition

Papaver somniferum

Term
After the Civil War, opiate addiction became knowns as...
Definition
the "soldier's disease" or "army disease"
Term
Death associated with heroin injection is usually due to concurrent use of what other two drugs?
Definition

Alcohol or Barbiturates

Term
What drug has the withdrawel symptom of "kicking the habit"?
Definition

Heroin

Term
Drugs that relieve pain while allowing consciousness
Definition

Analgesics

Term
aspirin-like drugs
Definition

Salicylates

Term
Relieves symptoms of inflammation
Definition
Anti-inflammatory
Term
Potent hormoses released from the adrenal glands
Definition

Steroids

Term
Anti-inflammatory drugs that do not have steroid properties
Definition

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Term
Drugs that reduce fevers
Definition

Antipyretics

Term
Potentially fatal complication of colds, flu, or chicken pox in children
Definition

Reye's syndrome

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