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| the amount of stimulus energy needed for a person to say that she perceives it. |
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| the amount of stimulus energy that needs to be added to or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that she notices a difference. |
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| one jnd needs to be added to or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that she notices the difference |
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| what's important in producing a jnd is not the absolute difference between the two stimuli, but the ratio of them. |
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| (signal detection theory)measures how risky the subject is in sensory decision-making; based upon nonsensory factors. |
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| (signal detection thry)measures how well the subject can sense the stimulus |
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| (signal detection thry)used to graphically summarize a subject's response in a signal detection experiment |
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| an objective measurement of the amount of light falling on a surface |
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| the subjective impression of the intensity of a stimulus |
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| caused by the regeneration of rhodsin, the phootpigment in the rods |
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| adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens and highlights borders b/w light and dark areas. |
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| Young-Helmholtz (trichromatic) |
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Definition
| three types of color receptors: red, blue, & green |
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| Hering (opponent process) |
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| (thry of color vision)three opposing pairs: red-green; blue-yellow, and black-white |
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| cue for depth perception; if one object covers another, the partially hidden object is seen as farther away. |
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| (cue for depth perception)comparison of retinal size of object to actual size of objects gives cue to depth |
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| (cue for depth perception)parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance |
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| (cue for depth perception)as scene recedes from viewer, the surface texture of the object appears to change |
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| (cue for depth perception)when observer moves, objects in a stationary environment appear to move relative to distance from observer |
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| binocular disparity (steropsis) |
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Definition
| (cue for depth perception)each eye sees slightly different scene; when the brain combines the scenes, we get perception of depth |
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Definition
| (Gestalt law of organization)elements of close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit |
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Definition
| (gestalt law of organization)elements that are similar to one another tend to be grouped together. |
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| (gestalt law of organization)elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together |
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| (gestalt law of organization)the tendency to see incomplete figures as being complete |
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| (gestalt law of organization)perceptual organization will always be as "good" (i.e., regular, simple, symmetrical, etc.) as possible. |
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| (data-driven processing)response directly to components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules and then sums of components to arrive at the whole pattern. |
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| (conceptually driven processing)guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize whole objects and then the components. |
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| when two or more stationary lights flicker in succession they tend to be perceived as a single moving light |
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| a stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves |
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| a stationary point of light when viewed in an otherwise totally dark room appears to move; probably caused by involuntary eye movements. |
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| if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops. |
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| tendency for the perceived size of an object to remain constant despite variations in the size of its retinal image |
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| tendency for the perceived shape of an object to remain constant despite variations in the shape of its retinal image |
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| tendency for the perceived lightness of an object to remain constant despite changes in illumination |
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| tendency for the perceived color of an object to remain constant despite changes in the spectrum of light falling on it. |
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| method used to study infant visual perception; two diff. simuli are presented side by side; if infant looks longer at one of them, it is inferred that the infant can perceive the difference b/w the stimuli |
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| a stimulus is presented to infant, infant eventually stops attending to it; a different stimulus is presented, if the infant attends to it, it is inferred that the infant can perceive the difference b/w the old & new stimuli |
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| an apparatus designed by Gibson and Walk to asses infant depth perception |
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| sometimes used to assess contributions of nature and nurture to the development of vision |
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| objective dimension of sound; the number of cycles per sec.; measured in Hertzes |
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| objective dimension of sound; the amptitude of the sound wave; measured in decibels. |
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| subjective dimension of sound.the subjective experience of the frequency of the sound. |
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| the subjective experience of the intensity of the sound |
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| subjective dimension of sound; refers to the quality of sound |
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| the minimum distance necessary b/w two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli |
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| a neutral temperature perceived to be neither hot nor cold. |
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| the theory that there is a gating mechanism in the spinal cord that turns pain signals on and off |
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| empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helholtz's place-resonance theory. |
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| developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth |
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| proposed filter theory of attention |
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| developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship b/w the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation. |
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| developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception |
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| studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth |
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| developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision: developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception. |
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| developed theory of isomorphism |
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| studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells. |
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| developed theory of isomorphism |
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| proposed gate theory of pain |
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| developed Stevens' Law as an alternative to Fechner's law |
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| Refined ROC curves in signal detection theory |
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| proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception |
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| Yerkes, R. and Dodson, J. |
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Definition
| Developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal. |
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